The Trans-Siberian Railway and the Lost Art of Train Travel

The Trans-Siberian Railway, the longest railroad  line in the world, is an example of the joy that train travel can bring.

The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through Dornogovi, Mongolia. Boccaccio1. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

The popularity of railroad travel has diminished in the modern age. Cars allow for a freedom of movement that would be impossible on a train, and airplanes take the traveler farther and faster than railroads could dream of. The role of trains in the last 75 years has seemingly become filling in the gaps left by other forms of transportation. Stiff and awkward journeys of a few hours, connecting two cities with sterile cars and rusty tracks, are far too common, at least in the United States. But the beauty of a train trip is still attainable. Travelers can get a Eurail pass and travel across Europe, or take a private railway through rural Japan. Or they can do one better, and take the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Although it is actually a single collection of routes within the massive Russian rail network, the Trans-Siberian Railway is famous in its own right. It is the longest railway line in the world, with its longest route connecting Moscow and Vladivostok over 5,772 miles. It is also historic; the railway’s construction began in 1891 when Russia was still a Tsarist state, and it continues to be developed today.

Russia, especially Siberia, is not a place noted for its tourism. Yet the Trans-Siberian stands as a shining light in the nation’s wintery darkness. The railway is cheap, comfortable and most importantly, gives you that rollicking, adventurous spirit that only good train trips can.

A Trans-Siberian trip is also extremely flexible. One can start at St. Petersburg or Moscow and head east, or start in the east at Vladivostok or Beijing. Trains from Europe connect to the Trans-Siberian in St. Petersburg and Moscow, which means that it is possible to take a train trip from Paris all the way to the eastern coast of Asia.

The Trans-Siberian Railway in Irkutsk. Wazari Wazir. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Something that differentiates railways from other modes of travel is that you can, and are supposed to, get off. The Trans-Siberian is no different. There are incredible landmarks at every stop on the journey; it’s easy to arrange to check out the ice lakes in Irkutsk or to visit the Naadam festival in Ulaanbaatar over the course of your trip.

Stepping off the train and seeing Siberia is part of the fun, and every traveler who rides the Trans-Siberian is encouraged to at least walk around a bit while the train is stopped at each station. But the train itself is an enjoyable space to live in. There are a few different options to choose from when buying tickets: most travelers choose second class (known as “kupé”), which reserves a spot in an air-conditioned car with four beds, but there is also the pricier first class (“spalny vagon”), a car with two beds, and third class (“platskartny”), an open car stuffed with fifty-four bunks. Travelers are sure to meet people in whatever class they choose, as late nights spent in the restaurant car playing cards and drinking vodka are common. Platskartny is probably the most genuine Trans-Siberian experience, as you will be surrounded by Russian commuters and travelers. But platskartny is also quite cramped and noisy, and the privilege of having a semi-private bathroom is lost. It is something to consider before you snap up a super-cheap ticket.

The Trans-Siberian Railway is not a tourist line; it is a real, historic railway that people around Asia use to see their families and take vacations themselves. As such, one should treat it and the people on it with respect. One should also do some more research about the train before planning a trip; there are many helpful websites with information about the Trans-Siberian, such as Seat 61’s extensive article. 

The Trans-Siberian Railway, overlooked to many outside Asia, is perhaps the last vestige of old-fashioned rail travel. As a consequence, it has a unique effect on the land it passes through. The secrets of Siberia would stay unseen on an airplane over 30,000 feet in the air. But n the railway, the place has no choice but to reveal itself. 

Finn Hartnett

Finn grew up in New York City and is now a first-year at the University of Chicago. In addition to writing for Catalyst, he serves as a reporter for the Chicago Maroon. He spends his free time watching soccer and petting his cat.

7 Real Life Locations In Great Works of Art

It is not necessary to go to a museum to experience the awe of a painting—try visiting the actual locations they were based on instead.

Kindred Spirits by Asher Brown Durand is a painting set in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Asher Brown Durand. CC0 1.0.

Museums and galleries are prime places to see great works of art. There are long lines at the Louvre in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Uffizi Galleries in Florence. But you do not need to be in a museum to experience a painting. Many famous works of art are based on real life locations that visitors can explore for themselves.  It is often possible to experience the same emotions that the original artist felt when painting the subject. Here are 7 real life locations of famous paintings that you can visit.

1. The Dibble House, Iowa, United States

American Gothic. mark6mauno. CC BY 2.0.

Dibble House. photo librarian. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

In the summer of 1930, Grant Wood was driving around Eldon, Iowa when he noticed the Dibble House. It was not a beautiful house to Wood, but he found it captivating due to the absurdity of putting a gothic-style window in such a flimsy house. He made a sketch of the house and the final product became “American Gothic”, a famed work illustrating small-town America. Today, visitors are welcome to visit the house and have their photo taken outside, usually with the provided jackets to make it look like a reenactment of the famous painting. Next door is also the American Gothic House Center, which hosts exhibits on the famous painting.

2. Arles Cafe, France

Cafe Terrace at Night. Greg_e. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Arles cafe. Greg_e. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Arles is the town most closely associated with Vincent Van Gogh. He lived there from 1888 to 1889, where he painted some of his most famous post-impressionist pieces, including the “Cafe Terrace at Night”. The setting of that work is the Cafe du Forum and is now called the Cafe La Nuit, which still exists today on the Place du Forum in Arles. That cafe was refurbished so that it looks exactly like how Van Gogh would have seen it. Gas lamps still light the site. Van Gogh also painted a companion piece of the interior of the same cafe. Today, visitors can experience the cafe and Arles much like how Van Gogh would have seen it.

3. Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts, United States

The Oxbow. wallyg. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Mount Holyoke. pecooper98362. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Thomas Cole was one of the chief proponents of the Hudson River School, a school of art that specialized on landscape paintings in the early American republic. At that time, a uniquely American art-style was being created, and in his work “The Oxbow”, exemplifies that. That painting shows Mount Holyoke and a view that shows Americans conquering the wilderness. The view from the mountain today is much different than the one in Cole’s painting, as the area around it is much more built up, but the mountain itself is part of Skinner State Park. A road brings visitors up the mountain in the summer months and a number of hiking trails criss-cross the mountain.

4. Valley of Mexico, Mexico

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel. profzucker. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

The Valley of Mexico. Gary Denness. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Similar to the Hudson River School, art in Latin America during the 19th century was also used to inspire nationalism. Jose Maria Velasco painted a landscape of the Valley of Mexico from the hillside of Santa Isabel to exemplify that nationalism. That landscape combines pre-Columbian symbols to represent a shared Mexican heritage. That valley today is built up as it is the location of the sprawling Mexico City. However, the hills above the valley offer stunning views of the area. Desierto de los Leones National Park, located 3.2 kilometers southwest of the city, offers panoramic views that gives a glimpse of what Velasco saw when he painted “The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel”.

5. Giverny Gardens, France

Waterlilies. Art That Inspires. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Giverny gardens. Trey Ratcliff. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Claude Monet was the pioneering impressionist painter, shocking the art world with his visible brush strokes. One of his most famous works is “Water Lilies”, a collection of paintings of waterlilies in his garden in Giverny, France. Today, Monet’s home and gardens in Giverny can be toured by visitors. He had a garden called the Clos Normand in front of his home and a Japanese-inspired garden across the street, where visitors can admire its natural beauty. Much of his paintings from the “Water Lilies” series are based on his Japanese garden. 

6. Mount Fuji, Japan

The Great Wave Off Kanagawa. kendo_. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Mount Fuji. Trey Ratcliff. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

“The Great Wave Off Kanagawa” is arguably one of the most well-known Eastern works of art, but most people do not know that it is part of the series 36 Views of Mount Fuji by Katsushika Hokusai. While in “The Great Wave”, Mount Fuji only appears as a small cone in the horizon, almost blending in with the other wave crests, in other prints of the series, Mount Fuji gets a more pronounced position. Being the highest mountain in Japan and holding a special place in Japanese culture, Mount Fuji is easily accessible to visitors. The mountain is easily viewable from the shinkansen between Tokyo and Nagoya, but for a closer look, visitors can head to the Fuji Five Lake region at the northern base of the mountain. Mount Fuji is open to climbing in the summer months on some seasonal routes.

7. The Delft House, Netherlands

The Little Street. Gandalf’s Gallery. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Delft House. 1Veertje. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Johannes Vermeer only has less than 40 paintings still in existence, but he is still considered one of the greatest Dutch painters. His painting “The Little Street” attracted researchers trying to pinpoint its exact location for centuries. Now, art historians and other researchers believe that the site of 40-42 Vlamingstraat, in Delft, Netherlands, is the location of the work. Researchers used tax records to narrow down the location in Vermeer’s hometown of Delft. The original buildings in the painting no longer exist, but a gate still exists. It is not possible to enter the buildings, but visitors can still imagine what the area was like in the 17th century when Vermeer worked.

Bryan Fok

Bryan is currently a History and Global Affairs major at the University of Notre Dame. He aims to apply the notion of Integral Human Development as a framework for analyzing global issues. He enjoys hiking and visiting national parks.

Why Japanese Fruit Is So Expensive

Japan places cultural importance on giving fruit gifts, leading to the cultivation of impressive fruits that can cost over $100

Square Watermelon. Joi Ito. CC BY 2.0.

In most parts of the world, fruit is a relatively common food, located in every grocery store and eaten as a healthy snack. However, fruit in Japan is expensive, much more than most would expect. Every piece of fruit is carefully grown and so much importance is placed on this that a single piece of fruit can cost over $200. 

Of these expensive fruits, melons are the most famous. Many watermelons are grown in the shape of a cube, though known as square watermelons, and others a heart. Square watermelons were originally developed to make it easier to store them, but they are still watermelons. Yubari melons are also extremely costly, well-known for their sweetness, texture and aroma. They are known as the most expensive fruit because in 2010, a pair of them were sold for $45,000 to a melon-flavored mineral water company celebrating their 10th anniversary. Muscat grapes are also very popular, each one large, plump and shiny. However, the Ruby Roman grapes are even more special. These are grown only in Ishikawa, one of Japan’s prefectures, and a single one of these grapes can cost 2,500 yen (about $18). They are easily the most expensive grapes in the world, but they are also the largest, with each grape as big as a ping pong ball. Though these grapes are also classified into superior, special superior and premium, only 1-2 bunches of grapes are considered premium per year. In 2020, a premium group of Ruby Roman grapes sold for $12,000. Another popular and expensive fruit is the Japanese strawberry. Amao strawberries, grown in Fukuoka, cost around $7 per kilogram, but they are roughly 4-5 times the size of normal strawberries. Hatsukoi no kaori, or white jewel strawberries, are 3 times the size of a regular strawberry, but a singular one of them will cost $10. This is because of the unique color that they are famous for. Hatsukoi no kaori are white strawberries with red seeds, hence the name “white jewel”. 

White Jewel Strawberry. Jed Schmidt. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

These impressive fruits are expensive for a reason. There is a lot of careful cultivation by the farmers who grow them so that the fruit turn out perfectly. Each farmer has their own way of meticulously taking care of their fruit plants. Some will pollinate each flower by hand, others have hats for their fruit in order to prevent sunburn and the rest  will grow the plant so that each branch or vine only has one fruit. This way, all the nutrients in the plant are directed towards that particular fruit.

Display of Expensive Fruit. The Tronodon. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

In addition, fruit-giving is an important part of Japanese culture. The seasons play a large cultural role, and fruit represents them because different fruits thrive better during different times of the year. It allows people to experience and appreciate what each season has to offer, from the colors of the fruit, to their aroma and, of course, taste. Beyond that, since fruit is edible, it doesn’t clutter people’s houses. Also, since the fruit is a gift, it has to look perfect. They cannot have blemishes or other imperfections, which is why so much labor and dedication is devoted to growing each luxury fruit.

Katherine Lim

Katherine is an undergraduate student at Vassar College studying English literature and Italian. She loves both reading and writing, and she hopes to pursue both in the future. With a passion for travel and nature, she wants to experience more of the world and everything it has to offer.

Electric Planes: The Future of Air Travel?

United Airlines and Mesa Airlines are buying electric aircrafts from a Swedish startup, to make air travel more eco-friendly.

United ES-19. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0.

In July, United Airlines announced that they would be buying ES-19 planes. They plan on purchasing 100 of these 19 seat, zero emission planes from a Swedish company called Heart Aerospace. United plans on being able to use these planes by 2026. Since they can only carry a small amount of people, these planes would be used mostly for short distance flights. They have routes planned from their major hubs, such as from Chicago O’Hare International Airport to Purdue University Airport and another route from San Francisco International Airport to Modesto City-County Airport. Heart Aerospace claims that around 4% of emissions around the world come from flights that are less than 200 kilometers (124 miles), and 9% are from flights less than 400 kilometers (250 miles). Using electric planes for these shorter distances would be beneficial in lowering these emissions, which is United Airlines’ plan. They have a goal to reduce 100% of their greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. They also want to achieve this without using the traditional carbon offsets, which are projects for reducing a person’s carbon footprint. These offsets are projects like planting a certain number of trees, improved forest management or capturing greenhouse gas emissions coming from a landfill. There are online calculators that calculate how much carbon dioxide a person is producing by going on a plane somewhere and estimating how much they need to do to cancel it out. United Airlines’ goal is to significantly reduce their carbon emissions without resorting to projects like these. 

They are not, however, the only airline that wants to reduce their emissions. Mesa Airlines, a regional American airline, has partnered with them and has purchased the same amount of ES-19s. The CEO of Mesa Airlines, Jonathan Ornstein, has spoken about the opportunities of the electric aircrafts and that it should cost less to operate. Some areas are too small and too close to large cities to have flights, but they  can operate profitably with electric planes.Since these electric planes are so small and will cost less to operate, it can become a viable method of transportation to these smaller cities, making it easier to bring people into these areas. 

Heart Aerospace, the company manufacturing the ES-19s, believes that electric aircrafts are the solution to lowering carbon emissions caused by air travel. Those emissions make up around 2% of global emissions overall, and by 2050, that number is expected to increase to between 12%-27%, and eliminating the emissions caused from short distance flights with electric planes can prevent that. Since the planes are small, they can use small runways that are more common in smaller cities, and it will be beneficial to them as it will be easier for people to travel. Also, like Ornstein said, the planes will be much cheaper to maintain as the electric motors reduce the cost of maintenance by 90%, and fuel costs will decrease between 50%-70%.

Beyond Heart Aerospace, there are other companies developing electric planes. Wright Electric is one of them, and they are developing a 100 seater plane to be released in 2026. They are also developing one that will have 186 seats and will be able to fly 800 miles, but that is estimated to be completed in 2030. Many other companies are researching electric aviation, as they believe it to be the future of air travel. Even NASA has been researching this, having developed and begun flying their X-57 electric airplane. Airline companies are conscious of their large environmental impact, and many large ones have agreed to participate in the UN’s plan to have net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The use of electric aircrafts would help these companies a lot in reaching this goal, and because of this, the Swiss Bank USB believes that by 2035, a quarter of air travel will be electric.

Katherine Lim

Katherine Lim is an undergraduate student at Vassar College studying English literature and Italian. She loves both reading and writing, and she hopes to pursue both in the future. With a passion for travel and nature, she wants to experience more of the world and everything it has to offer.

10 of the World’s Best Ecotourism Destinations

Ecotourism aims to preserve the environment while allowing travelers to get a glimpse of the natural world. These 10 destinations are sustainable travel options that will broaden visitors’ understanding of the environment along with other cultures. 

Sustainable tourism seeks to strike a balance between the environmental, cultural and economic impacts of tourism, and many destinations around the world are moving toward the model. Ecotourism is a subset of sustainable tourism that focuses specifically on the environment. The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education.” Ecotourism is not just about seeing stunning parts of the natural world, but about trips that curate awareness of and respect for the global environment and cultures. These 10 destinations are sure to provide memorable travel experiences while heightening visitors’ understanding of the social, political and environmental climates of the places they’re exploring. 

1. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

In 1978, the Galapagos Islands became one of the world’s first UNESCO World Heritage Sites, protected for their unusual plant and animal life that famously inspired Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The 19 islands, located about 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador, are home to giant tortoises, land iguanas and many subspecies of finches, as well as huge cactuses and trees unique to the islands. Ninety-seven percent of the islands have been part of a national park since 1959, and human settlement, including tourism infrastructure, is restricted to the remaining 3%. The islands are a paradise of natural beauty, and over 150,000 travelers visit annually. The Galapagos National Park Directorate and the Ecuadorian Ministry of Tourism have implemented regulations that ensure visitors get to explore the islands without harming the environment. The entrance fee that visitors pay for the national park is used to fund conservation projects, the number of tourists at each site at a given time is limited and all travelers are required to have a guide with them as they admire the islands. These guides are trained to educate the visitors and protect the sites, and are often local people, which ensures that travel benefits the local economy. 

Social issues: A current issue faced by the local population is the islands’ limited health care system, which consists widely of small, understaffed clinics. Ecuador is preparing for a runoff election for the presidential race, which will take place on April 11. Young people and women are major voter blocs in the election, hoping for policies that will address Ecuador’s economic crisis, inequality and rise in violence toward women. 

2. Costa Rica

Over a quarter of Costa Rica’s land is protected from future development. Costa Rica boasts incredible biodiversity, with thousands of different plant and animal species. The journey toward ecotourism in Costa Rica began in 1963 with the establishment of the Cabo Blanco National Reserve. The establishment of national parks quickly followed, and today Costa Rica has 70 separate entities within its park system. Visitors to Costa Rica will see a variety of ecosystems including cloud forests, rainforests, wetlands and coastal marine areas, all bursting with breathtaking plant and animal life. Places to visit include Arenal Volcano National Park, Cano Island Biological Reserve, Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve and Ballena Marine National Park, though these are only a few of Costa Rica’s many stunning natural destinations. Most of these protected areas limit the number of visitors inside at any given time in order to prevent damage to the environment. The Costa Rican Tourism Board has introduced the Certificate for Sustainable Tourism (CST), which rates businesses, such as tour operators and hotels, on a scale of 0 to 5 based on their environmental, social and economic involvement and impact. The CST system allows tourists to make informed decisions and ensure that their trip is a sustainable one. 

Social Issues: A 2020 report revealed that Costa Rica was facing political fragmentation, economic slowdown and increased inequality.  Costa Rica’s two major political parties, the National Liberation Party and the Social Christian Unity Party, both recently suffered splits, creating more competing parties. Economic growth has declined, leading to an increase in unemployment rates, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only worsened the situation. The drug trafficking issues that have faced other Central American countries like Honduras and El Salvador have crept into Costa Rica, spurring an increase in violent crimes. 

3. Sabah, Malaysia

Sandakan, in Malaysia’s Sabah state, is home to the Sukau Rainforest Lodge, a lodge designed to be as eco-friendly as possible while still offering guests a comfortable and memorable experience. The lodge opened in 1995 and was the first in the area built on ecotourism principles. It is known as an ecolodge, a lodge which embodies the principles of ecotourism: protection and conservation of nature, benefiting the local community and offering programs to educate travelers about the natural and cultural environments they are visiting. A few of Sukau’s eco-friendly practices include rainwater harvesting, which makes the lodge 100% self-reliant for water, no radio or television in the rooms to eliminate some noise pollution and let guests focus on nature, employing a staff made up of 90% Indigenous people, and contributing $16,400 annually to conservation projects in addition to conservation levies collected from guests. A full list of Sukau’s sustainable policies can be found here on the lodge’s website. The lodge rises on stilts over the bank of the Kinabatangan River in Borneo, immersed in nature. Visitors to the lodge will have ample opportunities to spot orangutans, pygmy elephants, proboscis monkeys and hornbills in their natural habitat. Sukau offers a number of tour packages to explore Borneo by land or boat and experience its unique landscapes. 

Social Issues: In 2020, Malaysia’s government, headed by Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, cracked down on protests and critical speech, began regulating freedom of expression and started taking a harsh stance on refugees, saying that they have no status or rights within the country. 

4. Rwanda

Rwanda has enjoyed a major tourism boom in recent years, and the country has made a strong effort to promote ecotourism. Known as “the land of a thousand hills,” Rwanda is full of beautiful, green landscapes, bamboo forests, volcanoes and incredible animal life, such as the endangered mountain gorilla. A number of new ecolodges have been constructed and are helping to fund reforestation efforts for indigenous trees. Rwanda’s number one ecotourism attraction is Volcanoes National Park, which is home to the mountain gorilla population. The park protects the Virunga Mountains, a chain of dormant volcanoes in the far northwestern corner of the country. The park encompasses a wealth of ecosystems, including evergreen and bamboo forests, sprawling grasslands and swamps. Visitors to the park can purchase tracking permits that allow them to go on mountain gorilla safaris and surround themselves with these amazing animals. The proceeds from the tracking permits go to improving the community development of areas around the park. There are a number of other locations for sustainable wildlife safaris in Rwanda, like Nyungwe Forest National Park and Akagera National Park. Visitors seeking to immerse themselves in local culture should explore the Iby’Iwacu Cultural Village, a traditional Rwandan village located within Volcanoes National Park. Stays in the village can be booked through Gorilla Guardians, a nonprofit organization that aims to improve the lives of reformed poachers and communities around the park. Visitors must abide by a set of sustainable living guidelines as they receive guided tours of the community from locals, learn about the area’s history and experience traditional arts practices, in order to ensure that travel is beneficial to both the tourists and the local community. 

Social Issues: Rwanda was the site of mass genocide in 1994, when members of the Hutu ethnic majority murdered around 800,000 people, mostly members of the Tutsi minority. As of 2020, the masterminds of the Rwanda genocide were still being brought to justice in international courts. In 2018, Rwanda implemented major legislative reforms, including a revised penal code, a new code of criminal procedure, and counterterrorism legislation. The country still faces strong limits of freedom of expression, with critical speech resulting in incarceration and even enforced disappearances. 

5. Bocas del Toro, Panama

Sometimes called the “Galapagos of the Caribbean,” Bocas del Toro, off the northern coast of Panama, is a haven of biological diversity and spectacular scenery. Made up of nine islands, the archipelago is home to Isla Bastimentos National Park, Panama’s first national marine park. Visitors to Bocas del Toro can zip line through the rainforest, scuba dive in tropical coral reefs, swim with manatees, learn to surf in the Caribbean and sail from island to island to see what each has to offer. Playa Larga on Isla Bastimentos is an annual nesting site for four endangered species of sea turtles. Isla Bastimentos National Park also protects diverse forests, 28 species of amphibians and reptiles, monkeys, sloths and crocodiles. Visitors can go on tours of the islands led by members of Bocas del Toro’s Indigenous tribe, known as the Ngobe-Bugle, to learn more about the area’s history and culture while admiring the plant and animal life. 

Social Issues: A significant issue in Panama is poverty. There is a large wealth gap between urban and rural areas; rural areas are less aided by economic booms and have worse access to good health care and education. Rural areas that are largely inhabited by the Indigenous population are especially impacted by this wealth gap, with 86% of Panama’s Indigenous population living in poverty. 

6. Sorsogon, Philippines

Located in Sorsogon province in the Philippines, Bulusan Volcano Natural Park is home to a wide range of natural features that make it a great destination for nature lovers. The park surrounds the active Bulusan Volcano and includes lush rainforest, two gorgeous lakes and two large mountain peaks. Visitors can kayak, hike, climb, see indigenous plants and animals, and visit local villages within the park. A number of local communities still flourish in the park, using the lower slopes of the mountains as agricultural lands. Many Indigenous people in the Bulusan Volcano Natural Park area have been trained as guides, allowing visitors to get a firsthand perspective of the park’s culture and environment and providing income for local communities. While in Sorsogon, visitors can also arrange to visit Donsol, where they can see whale sharks up close.

Social Issues: The government of the Philippines is still engaged in its violent “war on drugs,” which began in 2016. The campaign targets mainly impoverished Filipinos in urban areas, and killings by the police related to the “war on drugs” are rampant. Freedom of speech is limited, as those critical of the government face harassment and a number of journalists have been murdered in work-related attacks. 

7. Raja Ampat, Indonesia

The Raja Ampat archipelago, located just off the tip of Bird’s Head Peninsula in the West Papua province of Indonesia, consists of more than 1,500 islands. Raja Ampat is extremely remote, meaning it has remained in nearly pristine condition, with white sand beaches, sparkling blue waters, interesting caves and jungle-covered hills that make it known as one of the most beautiful archipelagos in the world. Raja Ampat is also a biological hot spot, rife with varied marine life. The area’s extensive coral reef makes it a major attraction for divers and other visitors who want to experience the natural majesty of the islands. As tourism began to rise in the formerly remote area, the government and nonprofit conservation organizations recognized the necessity of protecting the area’s incredible biodiversity and quickly implemented sustainable ecotourism policies. Numerous programs about Raja Ampat’s ecosystem were developed to educate visitors and locals alike about the need for conservation. The tourism industry is also mainly staffed by local islanders, allowing them to share their culture with visitors while advancing their livelihoods. Tourists can choose from a number of ecolodges to stay in and tour with, such as Papua Explorers. 

Social Issues: LGBTQ+ rights have long been under fire in Indonesia, used as a rallying cry and platform for conservative social and political groups. The rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly are limited, and human rights defenders are often criminalized. 

8. Mai Chau, Vietnam

In the Mai Chau Valley, located roughly 90 miles outside of Vietnam’s capital of Hanoi, traditional villages lie among rice paddy fields and border towering mountains. Mai Chau is full of functional communities and is a popular destination for visitors seeking to immerse themselves in local culture while surrounded by some of Vietnam’s most remarkable scenery. Mai Chau is home to multiple homestay villages, where visitors can stay overnight in stilt houses around Hieu village. Those staying in Mai Chau homestays will eat home-cooked meals and can explore the villages and purchase local crafts. The valley has no shortage of day hikes, and travelers can even rent bicycles to ride from village to village. Mai Chau is located near Hoa Binh Lake and the Pu Luong Nature Reserve, where visitors can see even more of the beautiful ecosystems Vietnam has to offer. Tourism in the Mai Chau Valley is sustainable because it educates visitors about the local culture and environment and stimulates the local economy while having very few negative impacts on the region. 

Social Issues: Vietnam has harsh restrictions on freedom of expression, peaceful assembly, association, movement and religion. Political detainees are often held for months without access to legal counsel, and the treatment they face in custody is often violent. Vietnam’s cybersecurity laws allow the government to block websites critical of the ruling party. 

9. St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

In the Caribbean Sea, about 1,000 miles southeast of Florida, are the U.S. Virgin Islands. One of the islands in the group, St. John, is a pioneer of ecotourism. Two-thirds of St. John’s surface area and shoreline waters are set aside as the Virgin Islands National Park, making it the best preserved of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In the water surrounding the island are hundreds of coral gardens, which make up the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument and are protected by strictly enforced laws to prevent damage to the coral. St. John has very little commercial development; the island has no airport, no large cruise dock and no high-rise buildings. The natural integrity of the island is nearly untouched, making it one of the best places in the world to get a real ecotourism experience. Visitors to St. John can explore the national park and learn about the area’s history, seeing petroglyphs carved by the Taino people and the sites of former sugar plantations. Visitors can also relax on pristine beaches, snorkel among the reefs, hike through historic ruins, and sail on crystal-clear waters. There are a number of eco-friendly resorts to choose from in St. John, many of which are campgrounds that offer tents and small cabins. 

Social Issues: The U.S. Virgin Islands are fairly dependent on tourism to support their economy. In 2017, two devastating hurricanes, Irma and Maria, hit the islands, inflicting extensive damage and leading to a decrease in revenue which the islands are still trying to recover from. 

10. Auroville, India

Auroville, in the Tamil Nadu state of India, is a very unique destination. Auroville is an experimental township that aims to be a “universal town,” where people of all backgrounds can live together in harmony with each other and with nature. Auroville was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa, who is referred to as “The Mother,” and was designed by architect Roger Anger. The township runs on green practices, such as renewable energy, growing some of its own food through farming, recycling wastewater and working to protect the environment with a successful reforestation campaign. The township is financed partially by the government of India, which mostly gives money for education and projects, and partially by nongovernmental organizations, tourists and donors from around the world. Around half of the residents of Auroville are foreign, but they take care not to impose their culture on India, instead hoping to learn about the local culture. They also share their developments in farming with the villages around Auroville. 

Visitors to Auroville can book tours to experience life in the town, or stay for longer in one of Auroville’s guest houses. Those who come are strongly encouraged to acquaint themselves with the local culture of areas around Auroville to ensure that their visit is respectful. Auroville also runs a number of volunteer programs, where people from all over stay in the town and work on projects that include farming, animal care, education and renewable energy. 


Social Issues: In 2020, hundreds of people remained detained without charge in Jammu and Kashmir, under an Indian law that allows detention without trial for up to two years. Freedom of expression is limited, and journalists often face threats, criminal cases and even assault.

Rachel Lynch

Rachel is a student at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, NY currently taking a semester off. She plans to study Writing and Child Development. Rachel loves to travel and is inspired by the places she’s been and everywhere she wants to go. She hopes to educate people on social justice issues and the history and culture of travel destinations through her writing.

The Movie Makes it: 6 Places Made Famous by Films

Many places in the world have been made iconic by films for their beauty and distinctiveness.

Movies have a unique ability to turn even the most seemingly mundane places into a magical new world. They uncover the hidden beauty of our planet, the secret wonders our world has to offer. Films - especially those that are popular - have an aptitude for making locations special in a way they weren’t before they were displayed on the big screen. The following 6 movies have iconicized their filming locations by displaying the beauty of our world and their fantastical essence.

1. The Notebook - Cypress Gardens, South Carolina

The Marsh at Cypress Gardens. Natalie K. CC BY-SA 3.0.

The infamous rainy boat scene from “The Notebook” was filmed in the Cypress Gardens in South Carolina. The main characters, played by Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams, are taking a romantic canoe ride through the marsh when suddenly rain starts to pour, causing them to quickly paddle to shore and seek refuge under the foliage together. 

Known as one of the greatest romantic films of all time, “The Notebook” has made Cypress Gardens a popular spot for those wishing to recreate the romance of the film. Those who visit the Gardens are able to take the same self-guided boat ride as Gosling and McAdams, cutting through water littered with gorgeous lily pads and surrounded by natural wildlife. 

 2. Jurassic Park - Kauai

Manawaiopuna Falls. Screaming_Monkey. CC BY-SA 2.0.

“Jurassic Park” is famous for the depiction of Kauai’s rolling valleys and tremendous waterfalls. Manawaiopuna Falls has become iconic after the scene it was featured in during “Jurassic Park.” When Laura Dern, Jeff Goldbloom and the rest of the star studded cast makes their way onto the island, they descend in a helicopter right besides Manawaiopuna Falls. This has made the waterfall an iconic place for fans of the film to come while visiting Hawaii, even giving the falls a nickname: Jurassic Falls. Helicopter tours are even available to fans who wish to experience the arrival scene.

3. Lord of the Rings - Matamata, New Zealand 

Hobbit homes. Curtis Simmons. CC BY-NC 2.0.

The Shire is a real place, and lucky for those who wish to see it, it is not endangered by any of the villainous creatures from the “Lord of the Rings” universe. Known as Hobbiton, the rolling hills of the Shire are incredibly popular for walking tours, as walking the land of Matamata feels like walking right into J.R.R. Tolkin’s stories. Looking exactly as they do in the films, Hobbiton is an incredible hub for tourism and exploration into a place seemingly unlike any other.

Hobbit holes - which are the houses built into the earth - are scattered across acres of lush grass. Many visitors like to take pictures in front of one of the many circular doors that come in a multitude of painted colors. 

4. Mamma Mia! - Skopelos, Greece

Skopelos beach. Titanas. CC BY-SA 2.0.

To accompany their incredible soundtrack, the team who produced “Mamma Mia” also gave us a stunning view of Skopelos, Greece. Crystal blue water, white sandy beaches and the Greek architecture of the city all make the set of “Mamma Mia” a place viewers dream of being. 

Though Merly Streep’s hotel from the movie doesn’t actually exist, the set of “Mamma Mia” is a combination of different locations around the island of Skopelos. Those who travel to the island can also find the set locations of iconic scenes in the movie, such as the Mamma Mia Cliff, where the wedding scene at the end was shot.

5. Forrest Gump - Marshall Point, Maine 

Marshall Point LightHouse. Me in ME. CC BY 2.0.

One of the most beloved moments in the award-winning film “Forrest Gump” is when Forrest runs across America. Starting in Alabama and going coast to coast, Forrest runs for “3 years, two months, 14 days and 16 hours”.  

During his long journey across America, Forrest finds himself running up the pier at Marshall Point, a scene that made the pier and accompanying lighthouse famous. Those who visit Marshall Point will find that the Lighthouse has a museum, with insider details on how “Forrest Gump” was shot and filmed there, alongside history of the Lighthouse and surrounding area. The view of the beaches of Maine, alongside the rocky shore, and long sea grass also make for a beautiful set.

“Forrest Gump” was also responsible for making Chippewa Square in Savannah Georgia an iconic landmark for the bench scenes, when Forrest tells his story while waiting for the bus.

6. Game of Thrones - Dubrovnik, Croatia 

Dubrovnik shoreline. Zlatko Unger. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Though “Game of Thrones” is not  technically a movie, it is arguably the greatest television show of all time and contains some of the greatest visual imagery to ever see the screen. Though there are many stunning set locations “Game of Thrones” has iconicized to choose from, Dubrovnik, Croatia seems the most fitting for this list. Located on the coast of the Adriatic sea, Dubrovnik is the set on King’s Landing, the most infamous place in all of the “Game of Thrones” series.

With a wonderfully condensed city to explore, alongside a beautiful coast and rugged, mountainous landscapes, Dubrovnik is a great destination for travel even for those who are not fans of the show. However, the city has seen a significant increase in tourism since the airing of the show, and in the wake of its global popularity, Dubrobnik has now become one of the main filming locations visited from the show.

Ava Mamary

Ava is an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois, double majoring in English and Communications. At school, she Web Writes about music for a student-run radio station. She is also an avid backpacker, which is where her passion for travel and the outdoors comes from. She is very passionate about social justice issues, specifically those involving women’s rights, and is excited to write content about social action across the globe. 

The Largest Salt Flat in the World in Bolivia

Bolivia’s Salar de Uyuni is one of the country’s wonders. Despite the amount of tourists it still preserves its beauty.

Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. Giacomo Buzzao. CC BY 2.0.

Located in the Andean Plateau in South America, the Salar de Uyuni is the largest salt flat in the world. It is in southwestern Bolivia, close to the border between Bolivia, Chile and north of the Argentinian border. It is over 4,050 square miles and the salt crust stretches to the horizon. It is also 10,000 feet above sea level, as it is located in the Andes. Since the salt is white, the Salar de Uyuni appears to be a large white desert, but during the rainy season, nearby lakes overflow, rivers empty into the salt flat and it becomes filled with water.

Though the seeing the dry, white salt stretch for miles is beautiful, when the salt flat is filled with water, it creates a clear mirror-like lake. Generally, there are only a few centimeters of water so it is still possible to walk on it, but as the weather is unpredictable, some areas become restricted for safety. The salt flat is mostly waterproof, but too much rain will melt some of the salt and make it dangerous to walk on. However, during this time, Salar de Uyuni turns into the world’s largest natural mirror, reflecting the light from the sky. The winter months also have clear skies that offer beautiful stargazing opportunities, the reflected stars only adding to the salt flat’s wonder.

The Salar de Uyuni is large enough to be seen from space, and it contains 10 billion tonnes of salt. 70% of the lithium in the world is also mined from this salt flat. The Salar de Uyuni was created 40,000 years ago, after Lake Michin evaporated. Over the course of its slow evaporation, the salt hardened and created a crust that formed the area into what it is today. In addition, there is still water underneath the salt that continues to evaporate as temperatures rise, which adds more salt to the surface. 

Beyond the scientific explanation for the Salar de Uyuni’s creation, the locals have passed on their own legends. In one of them, one of the nearby mountain goddesses, Yana Pollera, gave birth to a baby that two other mountain gods fought over. They both believed themselves to be the father, and Yana Pollera sent her child away to where the salt flat is located today and flooded the area with her milk that eventually evaporated into salt so it would survive. Another legend claims the flat was formed because after two mountain gods were married, the husband left and the wife cried until her tears created the Salar de Uyuni. 

Dawn at Salar de Uyuni. Trevor McKinnon CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Because of its location, there are many tours leaving from Bolivia and Chile, and many of them stretch over the course of multiple days in order to get the most out of the natural beauty. Planes, buses and trains are all able to get to Uyuni, the town closest to the salt flat, but there are also tours from Tupiza, a town south of Uyuni, and San Pedro de Atacama, a town in Chile.

Katherine Lim

Katherine Lim is an undergraduate student at Vassar College studying English literature and Italian. She loves both reading and writing, and she hopes to pursue both in the future. With a passion for travel and nature, she wants to experience more of the world and everything it has to offer.

The Ice Marathon: Racing Through The Antarctica

The Ice Marathon takes place in Antarctica, known to extreme athletes as the Southernmost Marathon in the world.

Ice Marathon finish line. Rosana Katinas. CC BY-SA-4.0.

The Ice Marathon is an event geared towards committed runners who seek to compete in extreme conditions that guarantee once-in-a-lifetime experiences. Held in Antarctica, the Arctic Ice Marathon is known as the southernmost marathon in the world and is scheduled this year to occur on December 13th, 2022. It also gains most of its notoriety for the conditions under which the run takes place; sub-zero temperatures, snow and ice-covered parts of the course, and  certainly the location that makes this race just as much of an adventure as it is a competition.

The race is said to take place in the area below the Ellsworth Mountains, which is the highest mountain range in the arctic and just “a few hundred miles from the South Pole”. Like any marathon, the Arctic Ice race is 26.2 miles long, and what makes this run so challenging is the climate and the terrain. The cold and the underfoot terrain, which is a term used to describe course conditions, create daunting obstacles for any participant competing.

Ellsworth Mountain range. Nasa Goddard Photo and Video. CC BY 2.0.

The first challenge that presents itself to participants is the cold. Antarctica’s temperature averages around 0 degrees celsius during the month of December, which is when the race takes place, but conditions have dropped to -25C in the past. Those who have previously participated in the Arctic Ice Marathon have been known to try and simulate the cold to prepare themselves for the climate by placing treadmills in freezers and running in the artificial cold.

Specific gear is also required. The Ice Marathon’s event website says that wind pants, a down jacket and insulated boats are absolutely necessary to compete in the event. Additional requirements for runners include wool socks, fleece pants and shirts, sunscreen and polarized sunglasses, along with a few more generally required items. 

The second most challenging part of the race is the underfoot terrain. The Ice Marathon website states “the course will be groomed beforehand so it should be reasonably solid, but [is] not always”. This means that though there will be no deep snow on the course, there may be slippery ice and spots where the snow is not as tightly packed, causing the terrain to be more “energy sapping”. Advice for any athlete training for the ice marathon is to practice on sand or any other irregular or uneven terrain.

The fee to enter the marathon is $19,500. This provides the runner with their choice of race – the Arctic Ice Marathon offers a half-marathon and a full one – flights, stays and meals to and from Antarctica, and additional merchandise and photographs of the experience. The entire travel and race experience is 6 days.

Designed to entice adventure-seeking athletes, the Arctic Ice Marathon course is a prerequisite to joining the 7 Continents Marathon Club, which athletes can join once they have run and completed a marathon in every continent in the world. With over 300 members, the 7 Continents Marathon Club is an amazing way to commemorate the hardwork and dedication of marathon runners.

Ava Mamary

Ava is an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois, double majoring in English and Communications. At school, she Web Writes about music for a student-run radio station. She is also an avid backpacker, which is where her passion for travel and the outdoors comes from. She is very passionate about social justice issues, specifically those involving women’s rights, and is excited to write content about social action across the globe. 

An Explorer’s Guide to Visiting Edinburgh

From hiking up a volcano to ancient stone castles, a travel writer discovers the natural beauty and rich history of the Scottish capital

A view of Edinburgh’s skyline from Calton Hill. Mike McBey. CC BY 2.0.

Named TimeOut magazine’s best city in the world in 2022, Edinburgh is the perfect destination for those looking to experience the natural beauty and history of Scotland. Before visiting for myself, I knew very little about the city past its prestigious university, but I soon discovered how much more the city has to offer than the Loch Ness tours and Fringe Festival performances that initially came to mind. Edinburgh is located on the southeast coast of Scotland, just a 10 minute drive away from the North Sea. An ancient volcano which last erupted around 340 million years ago is responsible for the many volcanic rock formations surrounding the capital, one of which is now home to the city’s Old Town district.

Victoria Street is said to have been the inspiration for Diagon Alley in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter book series. Ralf Steinberger. CC BY 2.0.

Bird’s eye view shots of Edinburgh are often marked by a scattering of towering gothic constructions, but exploring the labyrinth of the Old Town was at the top of my list. In order to protect and preserve its impressive display of traditional British reformation-era buildings and rambling cobblestone streets, Edinburgh’s Old Town became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. It stands in contrast to the city’s New Town in the north, which was constructed entirely in the Georgian style between the 1760s and the 1830s. The Old Town’s beautiful spread of architecture houses museums, galleries, ancient churches and shops, with Victoria Street being a favorite of mine because of its historic stone arches and colorful storefronts.

Exploring the area by foot is a must — I discovered countless hidden alleyways tucked between shops that led to smaller churches and hidden cloisters that were built hundreds of years ago. Spreading throughout the district, countless pubs make it a favorite among those looking to get a taste of Scotland’s national drink: whisky. Those under the age of 18, however, can happily enjoy the unofficial national drink of Irn Bru, a non-alcoholic soft drink first brewed according to a secret recipe back in 1901.

Edinburgh Castle sits at the very top of Castle Hill and looks out over the city from the West. Kim Traynor. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Perched on a volcanic rock outcrop sits Edinburgh Castle, with its ancient stone towers and turrets looking down over the Old Town. Fortunately, I booked tickets ahead of time and got to pass the huge crowds at the entrance, and visiting around midday when most people are stopping for lunch also allowed for a much more private exploration of the castle grounds. Depending on the part in question, sections of the castle date back to the 12th century, with newer additions being constructed by various monarchs over the next few centuries. I was able to get up close and personal with the Scottish Crown Jewels, and witnessed the daily firing of a cannon at 1 pm before touring the National War Museum, all set against the backdrop of Edinburgh’s eclectic skyline and the shoreline in the distance.

Holyrood Palace sits at the end of the Royal Mile and is the official Scottish residence of the British Monarch. Adam Fagen. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Edinburgh’s other royal residence sits at the base of the ancient volcano responsible for the city’s unique geography. Still in use by the royal family today, Holyrood Palace was originally built by King James IV in 1503 upon his marriage into the British Monarchy. Very little remains of the original buildings as subsequent royals amended and added to the palace during their reigns. While generally open to the public year round barring royal visits to the Scottish capital, I chose to enjoy the palace’s facade from its visitor’s cafe, where a beautiful view of the Scottish Parliament building across the road can be seen. A short walk to the palace’s rear brought me to the entrance to a large park, which used to be part of the palace grounds but is now available for public use as well.

A view of Edinburgh from the top of Arthur’s Seat. Euan Marley. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Surrounding the palace is Holyrood Park, home to the rocky spires of the Salisbury Crags and Arthur’s Seat, the remains of a now-dormant volcano. I made sure to familiarize myself with the various hiking trails to the volcano’s summit as signage within the actual park was very limited. Some of these routes were specifically for those looking to visit with their bikes, while others allowed for a much more leisurely stroll through the park’s meadows. The park also has a rich history: en route to the top of the 251 meter tall (roughly 823 feet) mountain lies the ruins of a medieval chapel and agricultural terraces from the Bronze Age. I came upon these sites by accident as they are not located along the main routes but are still easily accessible. Reaching the summit took just over half an hour, and the incredible 360 degree views of Edinburgh, and the surrounding towns were well worth the climb. A word of warning: despite visiting on a relatively warm and sunny day in the middle of the summer, the winds at the summit were still incredibly strong and should not be underestimated!

The National Monument is located at the top of Calton Hill. Culture Map. CC BY-NC 2.0.

For those looking for picturesque views of Edinburgh’s skyline without an hour long hike, Calton Hill is a perfect alternative. Also known as “Edinburgh’s Acropolis”, the 10 minute walk along a paved road to the top was significantly easier than the climb up Arthur’s Seat. Once at the top, I discovered the Collective Gallery, a contemporary art center that cycles through exhibits by local Scottish artists, as well as a luxury boutique restaurant with stunning views of the city. Also on the hill are the National and Nelson Monuments, the former being dedicated to Scottish soldiers who perished in the Napoleonic Wars. The monument was intended to be an exact replica of the Parthenon down to the exact dimensions of each block of stone. Unfortunately, the monument was only half finished when work stopped in 1829 and was never completed, though the part that stands today still forms an impressive and iconic part of Edinburgh’s skyline.

Nelson’s Monument stands in front of the Edinburgh skyline as seen from the top of Calton Hill. Andrew Colin. CC BY 2.0.

More than anything, I was surprised by how well Edinburgh was able to marry its incredible history with modern luxuries and infrastructure. It is a city of contrasts tucked in between rocky volcanic hills and the vast North sea, with Michelin-starred restaurants housed in old Georgian townhouses, and traditional tartan sold alongside extravagant cashmere. You can just as easily enjoy a plate of traditional haggis in an ultra-modern gastropub as you can take in a Shakespeare play in the newly renovated King’s Theater Dome. My visit, while only 3 days long, was jam packed with experiences unique to Edinburgh’s distinctive geography, history and culture. There is truly something to interest everyone and more, if you are willing to go off the beaten track and venture down an intriguing cobblestone alleyway or two.

Tanaya Vohra

Tanaya is an undergraduate student pursuing a major in Public Health at the University of Chicago. She's lived in Asia, Europe and North America and wants to share her love of travel and exploring new cultures through her writing.

Jeju: South Korea’s Largest Island

Jeju-do, known as Jeju Island, is the largest island in South Korea, and is home to beautiful natural scenery and an interesting community of women divers known as haenyeo.

Jeju Island. Republic of Korea. CC BY-SA 2.0

South of the Republic of Korea lies Jeju Island, a volcanic island famous for its beautiful beaches, resorts and landscape. The volcano on the island is a shield volcano called Hallasan, and it is the largest mountain in South Korea, standing at 1950 meters tall. Its status is considered active, but there are some who disagree since the last time it erupted was in 1007 AD. Also, the volcano does not smoke, and there is no fire coming out, so it appears to be dormant, hence the disagreement. Jeju Island is both the largest and only island in South Korea that governs itself. It is home to the World Heritage Site Jeju Volcano Island and Lava Tubes, and it is one of the new 7 wonders of nature alongside areas like South America’s Amazon Rainforest, Indonesia’s Komodo Island, South Africa’s Table Mountain and others.

Beyond the volcano, the island also has a network of lava caves and tunnels. The beaches, too, are beautiful, and there are walking trails called Olle, which means “a winding path to your front door” in the local dialect. They cover almost the entire island, and along their route people can see the sea, rock formations, caves and more. There are interesting rock sculptures known as Dol Hareubang, which are statues carved from the volcanic rock all over the island. The name translates to “grandfather made of stone”, and they get this name because they all have elderly features. They are also considered to be guardians of the island that ward off evil spirits and demons.

Dol Hareubang. Charity Davenport. CC0 1.0

Beyond the natural beauty of the island and the stone statues, Jeju Island is home to a community of women, known as Haenyeo. They are all divers that gather food from the sea like oysters, sea urchins and abalone. The thing that makes them truly unique, however, is the fact that they don’t use oxygen masks. They free dive down to as deep as 30 feet below the surface and can hold their breath for minutes. Girls start learning how to swim, dive and help the women from as young as 8 years old, and there are women still diving who are in their 80s. The women have been the ones to do this for many years, in part because there were a lot more of them than men on the island. The Korean War also caused an increase in women being more economically engaged. 

Haenyeo are considered to be the first working mothers of South Korea and have made diving their profession. There are no men participating in the dives and harvesting of seafood. Like many places, South Korean society has been typically male dominated, so the women on Jeju Island are very different. They have been diving for the past 1700 years, but after an increase in the demand for seafood the haenyeo were doing well and they started  trying to provide better education and other career options. As a result, many women choose  to not follow the diver tradition and the number of haenyeo has decreased since then. A lot of them are also older women who have been doing it for their entire lives, while the younger and middle-aged women chose to follow career paths. The women’s work and contributions have led to them being mentioned in UNESCO’s list of Korea’s cultural heritage in 2016.

Katherine Lim

Katherine is an undergraduate student at Vassar College studying English literature and Italian. She loves both reading and writing, and she hopes to pursue both in the future. With a passion for travel and nature, she wants to experience more of the world and everything it has to offer.

7 Breathtaking Waterfalls Around The World

From the tropical jungles of the Philippines to the glacial mountains of Iceland, these seven waterfalls are some of the most beautiful out there.

The Cascadas de Agua Azul, located in southern Mexico, are a series of waterfalls on the Xanil River. Claudia Tavani. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Every year, countless travelers visit the world’s tallest waterfalls, with Niagara Falls receiving over 13 million visitors alone. However, it is only one of hundreds of waterfalls in North America, and one of thousands worldwide. Hidden away in corners of South America, Europe, Africa and Asia are a multitude of other falls that display nature’s power and beauty. Waterfalls are divided into ten categories depending on their geographic surroundings and how they descend through them.  These include punchbowl waterfalls like the Kawasan Falls at number three on our list, horsetail waterfalls, chutes, cataracts, cascades like the one found at Akchour at number seven on our list and block waterfalls formed by wide rivers falling in uninterrupted sheets, to name a few. Here are seven incredible highlights that may not be the tallest or widest in the world, but are absolutely unmissable simply for their sheer beauty.

1. Plitvice Waterfalls, Croatia

Croatia’s Plitvicka Jezera National Park is home to a beautiful network of lakes and waterfalls. Jack Brauer. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Located in central Croatia between the country’s capital of Zagreb and the coastal city of Zadar, Plitvice Lakes National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1979. Its protected area spans 300 square kilometers (roughly 115 square miles) and comprises a network of lakes and caves, which are connected by a series of breathtaking waterfalls. These can be viewed from the various footpaths and wooden bridges that traverse the park, or visitors can also enjoy a boat ride included in the price of the entrance ticket. Because of its protected status, the park is also home to bears, wolves and eagles among a whole host of wild animals.

2. Iguazu Falls, Argentinian-Brazilian Border

A birds eye view of one of the many waterfalls in Iguazu National Park, Argentina. Tomfriedel. CC BY 2.0.

The Iguazu Falls stretch for 2.7 kilometers (around 1.7 miles) along the border between the Misiones province in Western Argentina and the state of Paraná in Eastern Brazil. Altogether, the network makes up the largest system of waterfalls in the world, and was accordingly named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984. Thanks to a longstanding preservation effort in the two national parks on either side of the border that share custody of the falls, a network of walkways and viewing platforms can bring visitors very close to the falls, including near the bottom in an area called “Devil’s Throat”. You can travel to the falls by car from both the Brazilian and Argentinian sides, as well as from the Ciudad del Este in Paraguay. 

3. Kawasan Falls, Cebu Island, Philippines

Kawasan Falls is hidden away in the jungles of Cebu Island, Philippines. Vicky Flip Flop. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

The Instagram famous turquoise waters of Kawasan Falls are reachable by a three-hour bus ride southwest of Cebu City in the Philippines. The tropical waterfall is accompanied by limestone canyons and a dense jungle, all of which surround the pools often referred to as the “Gatorade Factory” due to their incredible color. Located in the coastal municipality of Badian, visitors can hike the kilometer and a half (just under a mile) long route uphill to reach the first and largest of many waterfalls that make up the series. Those interested in spending more time in the area can even book cottages available for overnight stays, though most opt to simply rent bamboo rafts to explore the pools.

 4. Gullfoss, Iceland

Iceland is home to numerous waterfalls with the Gullfoss Waterfall being a favorite among locals. O Palsson. CC BY 2.0.

The Icelandic name Gullfoss translates into “golden falls” in English, a reference to the sediment in the Hvita River from the nearby glacier that causes this spectacular waterfall to glow gold in the Nordic sunlight. Located a 90-minute drive west of the capital of Reykjavik, the two cascades that form Gullfoss are not actually that tall, falling for a total of only 31 meters (roughly 102 feet). However, seeing the waterfall up close can still be a deafening experience with floods of water going over the edge at a rate of around 109 cubic meters (just under 50,000 cubic feet) per second. There aren’t any railings or barriers either, so it is up to visitors to keep a safe distance from the cliff’s edge.

5. Weeping Wall, Hawai’i, USA

Travelers can visit Hawai’i’s Weeping Wall located in the heart of Kauai Island. Ahonui Bowman. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Hawai’i is well-known for its incredible natural beauty, and the Weeping Wall is one of many spectacular sites on the island of Kauai. The network consists of a series of extremely narrow waterfalls winding across the centrally located Mount Waialeale, which stands 1,569 meters (about 5,066 feet) tall. The mountain’s name translates from Hawaiian to “overflowing water”, given that this location is in fact the second wettest area on the planet, and receives just under 11.5 meters (just under 37.5 feet) of rain every year. Given the mountain’s height, visitors rarely get a view of the upper part of the falls as it is often hidden in the clouds, but watching the water tumble down through the tropical greenery is still an incredible sight to see.

6. Ban Gioc Waterfall, Vietnam

A view of the Ban Gioc Waterfalls from Cao Bang, Vietnam. Applejuice. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Located on the border between the Cao Bang province in Northern Vietnam and the Guang Xi province in Western China, the Ban Gioc falls are the largest waterfall network in Asia. The waterfall stretches over 30 (about 98 feet) across on the Chinese side where it is known to locals as the De Tian Waterfall instead. Ban Gioc cascades down over three tiers of lush greenery, feeding directly into the Quay Son River, which in fact runs along the China-Vietnam border. Traveling to the falls from the Vietnamese capital of Hanoi normally takes visitors about two days to complete, with an overnight stop in Cao Bang City to split up the six and a half hour drive. 

7. Cascades D’akchour, Morocco

The higher of the two waterfalls that make up Cascades D’akchour near Chefchaouen, Morocco. Culture Trekking. CC BY-ND 2.0.

The Cascades D’akchour are tucked in amongst the Rif Mountains, the northernmost chain in Morocco. Reachable via a 45-minute drive from the famed “blue city” of Chefchaouen, visitors can enjoy a mountainous trek connecting several smaller waterfalls before arriving at the final cascade whose upper section tumbles down 100 meters of rock face (roughly 328 feet) into a collecting pool. The lower cascade, on the other hand, stands at a much smaller 20 meters tall (just under 66 feet) but also features a natural swimming pool just upstream of its descent over the cliff. For those interested in exploring even further, another hour and a half of hiking can bring you to the Pont de Dieu or Bridge of God, a naturally formed rock bridge carved out of the mountain by the Farda River.

Tanaya Vohra

Tanaya is an undergraduate student pursuing a major in Public Health at the University of Chicago. She's lived in Asia, Europe and North America and wants to share her love of travel and exploring new cultures through her writing.

All-Woman Rowing Team Takes On The Great Pacific Race

Four women compete in the Great Pacific Race, rowing from San Francisco to Hawaii.

For those who row competitively, completing the Great Pacific Race (GPR) is the pinnacle of a successful career. The race – which is a total of 2,080 miles (3,328 meters) – starts in San Francisco and ends in Hawaii. Teams of 3 or 4 are able to enter and are challenged to make it to Hawaii in as little time as possible. Though completely alone in their rowing efforts, every team is monitored from afar during all hours of the day by GPR crew in the instance of any emergencies.

Latitude 35, an all-female rowing team vetted with years of ocean rowing experience, has decided to challenge themselves in completing the Great Pacific Race. Among them are Adrienne Smith, Libby Castello, Sophia Denison-Johnson and Brooke Downes. They are not the first all-women’s team to compete, but they may be the fastest to ever finish the race if they maintain their pace on the last leg of their journey. The previous record that Latitude 35 wishes to crush is set by the Ocean Sheroes, who took on the challenge in 2021 and completed it in a little over 35 days. 

The first Great Pacific Race occured in 2014, and the organizers have held four subsequent “campaigns” since, with a total of 19 teams to ever complete the journey. Usually four or five teams will compete in the same race at a time, traveling from all over the globe to test their strength and willpower. Within the five sets of races that have taken place over the years, itvNews reports only “two four-person all female teams” have finished the race, making Latitude 35’s journey all the more special. 

Additionally, competitors are racing against the clock, not necessarily each other. To “win” the race, teams have to complete the journey the fastest, so the women of Latitude 35 are technically competing against teams – specifically the Ocean Sheroes – from a year ago who hold the current time record. Men and women may compete during the same campaign, but the race time records are separated by gender. However, it is important to note that just completing the challenge is a victory in itself; holding the world record for fastest time is just an additional win. 

Having left on June 21st, the Latitude 35 women have just about 495 miles (792 kilometers) left in their journey, and have done around 1590 miles (2,544 kilometers) in just over 28 days. They are on track to beat the pre-existing time record.

Besides the competitive nature of the race, it is also an incredible immersive experience with nature. Traveling on the open ocean for days allows participants to become up-close and personal with the ocean and all of its wonders. The Great Pacific Race describes the experience: “You will see shooting stars and the most incredible skies. You will experience nature in a way that few people can even imagine.” Latitude 35 has described their experiences with wildlife, including flying fish that have hopped around and into their boat.

The team has faced a few challenges along the way, including Tropical Estelle and Hurricane Darby, which threatened to hit the women’s route while they were on the open waters. Fortunately, neither the tropical storm nor the hurricane has found its way to the team, and the women are still safely continuing on.

The Great Pacific Race is a challenge of extraordinary athletic and physical strength. Calloused and blistered hands, sunburnt skin, hunger and fatigue all challenge the rowers. It is also a true test of emotional stamina and friendship. There is no reprieve from the rowing and physicality of the sport, just as there is no reprieve from your teammates. Latitude 35 has taken to Instagram to pass the time, and as they speak of their journey and the hardships they face – like rowing at night when all you want to do is sleep – they have gained a large following. 

Posting regular updates lets followers know where they are in their journey, as well as how they pass the time. Singing, laughing and making funny videos has helped the women stay motivated to finish their race. Additionally, Latitude 35 has started collecting donations for the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, raising money and awareness of the organization and what it has to offer athletes and those suffering with mental illness.

Ava Mamary

Ava is an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois, double majoring in English and Communications. At school, she Web Writes about music for a student-run radio station. She is also an avid backpacker, which is where her passion for travel and the outdoors comes from. She is very passionate about social justice issues, specifically those involving women’s rights, and is excited to write content about social action across the globe. 

7 Historical Sites That Could Be Underwater by 2050

Climate change is threatening these beautiful archaeological sites, and at this rate, it may not be long before they are completely submerged under water.

The Yonaguni Monument is submerged off the coast of Japan. Danapit. CC BY 2.0.

One of the most immediate consequences of global warming is the rise in sea levels that is threatening to turn many cities into a modern day Atlantis. However, it is not just the common tourist destinations of Venice and Bali that are at risk—there are a number of breathtaking historical sites that could also disappear under the tides. Many of these destinations are located at or below sea level and are also near bodies of water, which makes them extremely vulnerable to flooding and water damage.

1. Elephanta Caves – Gharapuri, India

Elephanta Caves. Ashwin Kumar. CC BY-SA 2.0.

In 2014, the Elephanta Caves were identified as being at long-term risk from rising sea levels in the Indian Ocean in a study conducted by researchers at the University of Innsbruck. Located on Elephantine Island in Mumbai Harbor, the caves include a number of man-made excavations and carvings into the various rock faces of the island in honor of the Hindu god Shiva. These archaeological remains date back to the mid-fifth century, making the site almost 1,500 years old. Many of the cave entrances are adorned with detailed sculptures of Shiva, the most famous being “Sadashiva,” a bust of the god carved into the side of the mountain measuring seven meters in height. Every year, the few hundred islanders and a large tribe of monkeys welcome over a million tourists, despite local protests about how the visitors are endangering their way of life.

2. Great Mosque – Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania

Inside the Great Mosque of Kilwa. Lazy-papaya. CC BY-SA 2.0.

As the oldest standing mosque on the east coast of Africa, the Great Mosque of Kilwa Kisiwani has been around since the 14th century. The island on which it is located was a key trading port in the Indian Ocean and saw shipments of ivory and gold as well as upwards of 20,000 African slaves pass through on their way to Europe and North America. Sailors stopping by on their journeys could enter the halls and worship under the 16 coral and timber domes, built specifically with such materials to withstand the elements. The local sultan added an extension to the south side of the mosque in the 14th century, including the “Great Dome” which also boasts an inscription by Ibn Battuta, an explorer known commonly as the Islamic Marco Polo.

Because Kilwa Kisiwani is a coastal city, local experts have long been expressing concerns about the dangers of coastal erosion to the integrity of the historical ruins. Rising water levels in the Indian Ocean are threatening the UNESCO heritage site as well as disrupt the locals’ way of life. 

3. Comalcalco – Tabasco, Mexico

Mayan ruins at Comalcalco, Tabasco. Dennis Jarvis. CC BY-SA 2.0.

The Mexican state of Tabasco sits on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and experiences regular flooding. If sea levels continue to rise, the region and its incredible Mayan ruins could be completely submerged.

Aside from the temples, monuments and palaces typical of ancient Mayan ruins, the historical city of Comalcalco in Tabasco is also home to ancient cocoa farms and chocolate factories. Given its strategic location between the lush greenery that borders the Rio Seco, Comalcalco was an important trade center between the ports on the nearby coast and communities inland to the east. The city is also unique in that many of its buildings were constructed using kiln-fired bricks, which is why its name translates to “place of the clay griddles'' in Nahuatl. Many of these bricks are adorned with various glyphs and carvings of Mayan religious figures, making the site extremely valuable for archaeologists and a favorite of visiting tourists.

4. Gran Teatro Falla – Cadíz, Spain

The Gran Teatro Falla in the Old City of Cadíz, Spain. RG2. CC BY-SA 2.0.

The Gran Teatro Falla has stood as a prime example of neo-Mudejar architecture in the southwestern Spanish city of Cadíz since 1905. Named after famous Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, the red-brick building is affectionately known by locals as the “House of Colored Bricks” for its striking facade. The ceiling of the great hall is decorated with artist Felipe Abarzuza’s fresco of “El Paraíso” or Paradise, which was a new addition after the original Gran Teatro de Cádiz was destroyed in a fire in 1881. It took 21 years and three different architects for the new theater to be rebuilt, but it is still used to this day by various local groups throughout the year for theater, dance, music and film.

Unfortunately, Cadíz has also been identified as one of the Spanish cities that will be most negatively impacted by rising sea levels in the Mediterranean. This places the Gran Teatro, along with many other museums and historical monuments in the city, at risk of sinking.

5. Wat Mahathat – Ayutthaya, Thailand

Buddha statue at Wat Mahathat in Ayutthaya, Thailand. Uwe Schwarzbach. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Thailand is among the many Southeast Asian countries that experiences a heavy monsoon season. Locals are used to seeing city streets completely submerged underwater between July and October every year. In 2011, the Buddhist University located at Wat Mahathat in the city of Ayutthaya experienced severe flooding as a result of the rains, and climate change’s effects on weather patterns continue to threaten the site.

This royal temple is believed to be one of the first built during the reign of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and includes various pagodas, a royal hall, numerous smaller temples for worship and a large sandstone bust of Buddha. It is a beautiful example of traditional Khmer architecture and also features ancient murals that extend across through the courtyards and chambers under groves of bodhi trees. The site is a popular destination for a large number of Buddhist pilgrims who journey across Southeast Asia each year to visit the oldest bell-shaped relic in the world, located in the center of the compound. At present, Wat Mahathat serves as the headquarters for Thailand’s largest monastic order, the Mahanikai school of Buddhism.

6. Roman Ruins – Tipaza, Algeria

The remains of a Roman temple at Tipaza. Rachid Benabdellah. CC BY-SA 2.0.

The northern Algerian village of Tipaza is known for its scattering of Roman, Byzantine, Phoenician and early Christian ruins. Given its coastal location, it was prone to conquest by various sea-faring groups as early as the 6th century BCE. Nestled among golden beaches and pine tree forests, there are still remnants of a Punic necropolis, a Roman amphitheater once used for gladiator fights, various religious complexes and even thermal baths. The most notable monument is a royal mausoleum where the sole daughter of Cleopatra and Mark Antony is buried with her husband. The ancient town center was also surrounded by a defensive wall constructed by the Romans, most of which was deconstructed so that its materials could be reused for building Algiers.

UNESCO has already identified the ruins at Tipaza as being at heightened risk from flooding and erosion. The probability it estimated is also supposed to triple by 2050 if water levels in the Mediterranean continue to rise at present rates.

7. Iglesia Santo Domingo – Panama City, Panama

The Arco Chato in the Church of Santo Domingo. Darena. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Rising water levels in the South Pacific, in addition to the heavy rains experienced by Panama during their annual wet season, are threatening many older neighborhoods and the historical buildings within. This will only worsen as climate change continues.

The Iglesia Santo Domingo is one of the most iconic buildings in the Casco Viejo neighborhood of Panama City. The church is most well known for the flat arch—“Arco Chato”—that stretched across its interior courtyard with no support from its construction from 1678-2003 when it finally fell but was soon rebuilt. Because the arch was able to withstand two centuries worth of earthquakes, Governor Antonio Fernández de Córdoba selected Panama over Nicaragua to be the site of the interoceanic canal—the famous Panama Canal. Ravaged by fire in 1756, the church has stood as an empty brick shell ever since. It now houses the Museum of Religious Colonial Art, which exhibits various Panamanian artifacts from the 16th century onwards.

Tanaya Vohra

Tanaya is an undergraduate student pursuing a major in Public Health at the University of Chicago. She's lived in Asia, Europe and North America and wants to share her love of travel and exploring new cultures through her writing.

Rising Travel Fees in Bhutan

After two years of being closed off to visitors due to COVID-19, Bhutan is re-opening to tourism, but with an increased tourism fee.

Children and pigeons in Thimphu. Xiaojun Deng. CC BY 2.0

Bhutan is a beautiful Buddhist country located in Southeast Asia. It is located along the eastern edge of the Himalayas, and there is plenty of mountain and valley scenery, as well as Buddhist monasteries. There are a multitude of reasons to visit Bhutan, but there is one interesting reason that might stop some people from going: the “High Value, Low Impact” tourism fee. 

In the past, the government of Bhutan has charged the equivalent of $65 USD per night per traveler. This has been a system implemented for three decades, but after COVID-19 and the decrease in tourism everywhere, the Tourism Council of Bhutan will raise the fee to $200 during the low travel season when the country reopens on September 23, 2022. During high season, the fee will be $250 per day for every person. India, Bangladesh and Maldives have been exempt from the tourism fee thus far, but when the country reopens, the government has decided to charge visitors from these three nations $17, with a few exceptions for certain age groups. Bhutan has been closed to outsiders for the past few years due to strict COVID-19 guidelines. The money gained from the travel fee increase will be used to decrease the carbon footprint created by tourists visiting the country, as well as to help the Bhutanese who work in the tourism industry. Even with the fee, tourism in Bhutan does make up 6% of the country’s GDP. 

Keeping Bhutan’s rivers clean. United Nations Photo. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

There is a misconception that the $200 is an extra expense in addition to the usual travel costs, but that is incorrect. These fees are actually all inclusive, meaning it covers the cost of typical travel expenses, such as food, accommodations (though choosing to stay at luxurious hotel will cost extra), tour guides, transportations and tourist site entrance fees. Souvenirs, tour guide tips and drinks are the most common travel expenses that are excluded from the tourism tax. Those people have to pay for themselves.

A large question about the existence of the travel fee is where the money goes. Part of it, of course, goes to the government (around 30%), but the rest does go to the tour guides, hotels, drivers and other staff mem bers in the tourism industry. The government also does work to improve education, infrastructure and healthcare systems for its citizens, so the money tourists pay does go to improving the country. Furthermore, whether flying or driving into Bhutan, carbon emissions are being produced, and the tour buses and other modes of transportation add to it. Offsetting people’s carbon footprint from all that is an area the government is devoted to. The promotion of carbon-neutral traveling and making the tourism industry more sustainable overall are what Bhutan is committed to achieveing  in order to improve the country.

Bhutan is not the only country with a tourism fee. There are other countries that have implemented it as a way to combat over tourism and protect the tourist industry in each country, such as Italy, Japan, Germany and Spain. There are many more countries that do this, and the tax ranges from less than $1 to over $50, depending on the country. The money goes back to it, from the workers to the upkeep of tourist attractions. Many countries have implemented it, and the fee is worked in as a tax for things like airline tickets or hotels. Bhutan does the highest tax, but with the money, the country has worked hard to preserve its culture and natural beauty.

Katherine Lim

Katherine Lim is an undergraduate student at Vassar College studying English literature and Italian. She loves both reading and writing, and she hopes to pursue both in the future. With a passion for travel and nature, she wants to experience more of the world and everything it has to offer.