Affirmative Action: An International Perspective

July 13, 2023

The US Supreme Court struck down affirmative action in college admissions, but across the world other countries maintain programs to diversify higher education.

Harvard campus. Anne Helmond. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

On June 29, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court, led by a conservative majority, struck down the use of affirmative action in college admissions. The ruling prevents colleges from considering race as a factor when deciding whether to admit applicants. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of The Students For Fair Admission, which sued Harvard and University of North Carolina on the claim that the schools' affirmative action policies discriminate against Asian Americans. The case was seen by supporters of affirmative action as an example of using Asian Americans as a wedge group for a conservative agenda, and a poor representation of the wide spectrum of Asian Americans’ views on affirmative action.

The story of affirmative action in the U.S. is a fraught one, emerging from generations of racial inequality and discrimination. However, it is not a story that exists in a vacuum. About 25% of all countries have some form of affirmative action with the goal of opening up higher education to students from different backgrounds.

History of Affirmative Action in The U.S.

Affirmative action encompasses any program that actively improves job and educational opportunities for minorities or women. The belief was adopted by president Kennedy in 1961 through Executive Order 10925, which sought to use "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are treated equally without regard to race, color, religion, sex, or national origin,” and established the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. President Johnson’s 1965 Executive Order 11246 helped cement affirmative action by requiring government and contractors and subcontractors to expand opportunities to minorities.

During the Civil Rights movement, and following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., student groups and advocates implored universities to make education more accessible, and to establish class demographics that were indicative of American society. In the weeks following Dr. King’s death, the Dean of Admissions at Harvard announced his commitment to enroll more Black students, a decision that led to a 76% increase in black students enrolled at Harvard between 1968 and 1969. Harvard’s stance was soon followed by other elite institutions including Princeton, Yale and Columbia.

While universities individually pledged to embrace student diversity and increase enrollment among racial minorities, it wasn’t until a 2003 Supreme Court case that affirmative action became established as a national precedent. The 2003 case of Grutter v. Bollinger determined that affirmative action did not violate the Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause, and created a precedent in which a desire for increasing diversity could be used as a means of using racial preferences within admissions.

India

One of the earliest examples of affirmative action was adopted in India during British colonial rule in the 19th century. Under the programs, reservations were created as a means of establishing educational opportunities for the Dalit, commonly (and offensively) known as the “untouchables.” India’s modern affirmative action program seeks to expand opportunity by reserving 22.5% of all spots in educational institutions for lower caste youth. In 2005 the program was expanded to include private higher education institutions as well. These programs have led enrollment by targeted low caste disadvantaged groups to increase by three times.

India’s affirmative action system has contributed to a national increase in Dalit’s social and economic standing. In 1965, only 1.6% of the most senior service positions were held by Dalits, a number that rose to 11% by 2019, making it more representative of India’s demographics as 25% of the country is Dalit.

France

Garden at the Sciences Po. that ambitious girl. CC BY-NC 2.0

In France, affirmative action measures target specific neighborhoods as priority education areas, or Zones d’Education Prioritaires, which are often characterized by low income, many residents of immigrant background, and a high percentage of the population for whom French is a second language. In place of quotas some elite institutions, including Sciences Po, have sought to reach out directly to students coming from these disadvantaged neighborhoods, asking secondary schools in these areas to send over their best applicants, with the university providing necessary financial aid. The program seems to have had limited effects, and since its establishment in the early 2000s only 860 students have been admitted in through this specific channel. However, the number of students on financial aid has increased by roughly 20% in recent years.

Brazil

In 2012, the Brazilian government adopted a bill to reserve half of the spots in elite federal education institutions for students from state schools. The bill, supported by President Dilma Rousseff, also set up racial quotas for universities to allocate spots for black, mixed race, and indigenous populations according to the demographics of each state. The bill was proposed with the aim of combatting education and economic inequalities, as only about 10% of Brazilian students graduate from the elite private schools that act as feeders for the country’s top universities; the majority of private school students are White, despite the country’s racial diversity.

The use of such affirmative action policies in Brazil have been met with criticism, in part because the country’s demographics are racially mixed, with many seeing themselves unreflected in Black and White binary. Despite this, racial inequality is widespread, and a 2021 survey found that White Brazilians earned an average of 75% more than Black Brazilians and 70% more than Brown Brazilian workers.

In 2023, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signed a decree that reserves 30% of federal government positions for candidates who are Black or of mixed race.

Jessica Blatt graduated from Barnard College with a degree in English. Along with journalism, she is passionate about creative writing and storytelling that inspires readers to engage with the world around them. She hopes to share her love for travel and learning about new cultures through her work.

From Ocean Voyage to Space Travel

July 13, 2023

Reid Stowe has done a 1000+ day sea voyage, and now he’s focused on opening new possibilities for humans in space.

Reid Stowe. Desmond K. Shaw. CC BY-SA 4.0

A lover of the ocean and all types of art, Reid Stowe is an American craftsman, sailor and adventurer, who completed a more than three year ocean voyage without stopping on land aboard the Anne, a gaff-rigged schooner Stowe built himself.

The iconic journey began on April 21, 2007 from the 12th St. Pier, Hoboken, New Jersey. One thousand one hundred and fifty-two days later, on June 17, 2010,Reid sailed his schooner up the Hudson River and docked at Pier 81 in Manhattan, New York — a potential record for the longest continuous sea voyage without resupply or stepping on land.

With all the experience Reid has built up on the ocean, the renowned sailor has started a new program, meant to help astronauts who are looking to go on a mission to Mars in the 2030s. As Reid has put it, “the deep models of today could provide a role model for space bearers tomorrow,” and plans to use his journey at sea as a blueprint of sorts to help guide these future astronauts.

Reid Stowe working on Anne. @reid_stowe_art. Instagram.

Because those going on the Mars mission will be finding themselves on the ship for almost three years, it brings the concept of “isolation” into perspective. What will they do to cope, being in an enclosed area for such a long period of time? Reid knows what that’s like. He never needed coping mechanisms to prepare himself for his sea journey. There was nothing to “cope” with, and he was always able to love what he was doing. Reid’s new program will tackle these issues and answer the question: “What kind of person will it take to survive a trip to Mars?”

But this training initiative represents more than just valuable lessons for Reid. It didn’t matter that he was on his boat and “being turned upside down by storms,” because knowing that this journey would be worth it for everyone was more than enough.

One of Reid’s recent artworks. @reidstowepaintings.com

“How did I keep myself happy and healthy?” Reid said. “Believing that what I was doing was good for all of creation. Because I was showing that humans could live in a place where I never imagined before and by opening new doors of perception for what we’re capable of.”

But sailing isn’t the only thing Reid finds passion and purpose in. His Instagram features many of his artworks in great detail. Ever since he was young, he would paint or draw boats or mariners, even before he knew he wanted to be a sailor. And as he grew up, his art became more and more integrated into his sailing — to the point where his artistic drive encouraged him to embark on the longest sea voyage in history.

Schooner Starship Anne. @reid_stowe_art. Instagram.

Each of Stowe’s paintings has layers of meaning and connection. Many of the artworks he made while at sea empowered his voyage, the same way the voyage empowered the artwork. Much more can be found on his own website.

A more than 3 year adventure at sea is an effectively unique accomplishment. But Reid Stowe was able to use his incredible feat to offer guidance, spread awareness and most importantly — tell his own unique stories to the rest of the world.

Michelle is a senior at Boston University, majoring in journalism and minoring in philosophy. Her parents are first-generation immigrants from China, so her love for different cultures and traveling came naturally at a young age. After graduation, she hopes to continue sharing important messages through her work.

The Four Worlds of Ecuador

July 11, 2023

In a country smaller than Colorado, there are four distinct geographical regions from the coast to the Amazon, each representing its own culture.

Per square mile, Ecuador is the most biodiverse country in the world. In the east lies the Amazon Rainforest, known in Ecuador as “el oriente,” or “the orient” in English. The Andes rise like a spine through the middle of the country , and are known in Ecuador as “la sierra.” It is here that Ecuador’s Capital Quito is located, making it the second highest capital in the world. Bordering the ocean is the country’s coast, known as “la costa,” home to Guayaquil, Ecuador’s largest city. Finally, about 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador is the biological treasure of the Galapagos Islands, home of the Galapagos Tortoises, the biggest tortoises in the world.

I have spent the past 3 and a half months studying in Ecuador. During that time I visited three of the four major regions, and lived in both the Amazon and the Andes. Beyond the geographical differences, each region has its own cultures unique to itself. Based on my research and experiences, this article will discuss what makes each region special.

“La Sierra” - The Andes

Quito, the capital of Ecuador and its most famous city, is located in the Andes at the center of not only Ecuador but also the world, positioned almost exactly on the Equator line, a fact that appeals to tourist so much that there are not one but two “centers of the world” in and around Quito. The “center of the world” is supposed to be the exact 0.0 line of Ecuador, so having two is very much not possible. Although only one of them is real, both are constantly crowded and attract plenty of visitors every year. In my opinion, the fake one, built up to the point it seems like its own little town, is actually nicer than the real site.

Fake Center of the Earth, Maros M r a z (Maros), CC BY-SA 3.0

If you drive away from Quito in almost any direction, you will run into a volcano. There are 17 volcanoes surrounding the city. Two of the most famous of the volcanoes, Pinchicha and Cotopaxi, are both very much active and occasionally release smoke. The volcanic mountains can be seen throughout most of Quito, creating beautiful vistas wherever you care to look.

A picture from on top of the Basilica del Voto Nacional. Jeremy Giles

Within the city itself, the star is “el centro historico,” the historic and colonial center of Quito. Here the buildings are hundreds of years old, all built in a Spanish style in a wondrous variety of pastel colors, all on top of slanting roads curving with the mountains underneath it. This branch of the city is home to the Presidential Palace and many other beautiful government buildings and churches. My favorite of all is the Basilica de Voto Nacional, a huge building with two beautiful towers looming over the city, and unlike any other Church I’ve been to, you are actually able to climb up it, giving you spectacular views of the capital. Beyond this, if you look up at the Basilica from the ground, you can see that instead of Gargoyles lining it like a typical Basilica there are famous animals from all different parts of Ecuador.

While Quito is by far the biggest city in La Sierra, it is not the region’s only attraction. About a two hour drive from Quito is the city of Otavalo, one of the two largest Kichwa areas of Ecuador. The Kichwa peoples were part of the Inca Empire and have been in Ecuador for thousands of years. Today, their culture and language is still very much living. Otavalo is famous for its Kichwa market, where beautiful handmade blankets, sweaters, hammocks and more are created from incredibly soft alpaca wool. The prices are amazing; when I was last there I bought a beautiful alpaca wool blanket for only 20 dollars.

Cuenca, Ecuador, Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0

While I never had the opportunity to visit it, maybe the most beautiful city in La Sierra is Ecuador’s third largest city, Cuenca. This andean city is known for its thriving culinary scene, often serving some of Ecuador’s best traditional dishes. It has an incredibly charming appeal and is home to the beautiful El Cajas National park. When I next return to Ecuador Cuenca is for sure one of the top destinations on my list.

“El Oriente” - The Amazon Rainforest

To reiterate, Ecuador is known as the most biodiverse country in the world per square mile. The Ecuadorian Amazon is the center of that biodiversity. The Amazon in Ecuador has 300 different species of mammals, 350 of reptiles, 800 of fish, and 1,600 of birds. These species are some of the centerpoints of Amazonian culture in Ecuador. Per indigenous Kichwa beliefs, the Pachamama created the Earth, and the Amazon for its people. When shamans, traditional healers, die, they become a “boa” or “tigre,” general words in the Ecuadorian Amazon for a very large snake or a big cat. The latter is a false friend for English speakers; although “tigre” translates directly to “tiger,” there aren’t actually any tigers in the Amazon.

While visiting the Amazon I lived in the Pastaza province, the largest province in Ecuador, and an area almost entirely covered by the Rainforest. Somehow, Pastaza manages to be just as diverse culturally as it is biologically. In Pastaza alone, there are seven different independent Indigenous groups, each with its own separate language, culture, and customs. There are significant efforts in the region to make sure these languages survive, and in schools students learn both Spanish and their Indigenous language.

For the month I was in Pastaza, I stayed in its capital Puyo, an incredibly diverse multi-ethnic city of about 40,000 people. There, I felt as welcomed as I’ve ever felt anywhere. Through the generosity of my host families I got to experience many of the special things about Puyo. Here, I will share with you one of my favorites: the food. The Amazon river provides the families of Puyo with an amazing abundance of fresh fish, particularly tilapia, at prices even cheaper than Ecuadorian norm. Once, my host family bought nine individual portion sized live tilapia for 12 dollars.

After buying the fish, the typical method of preparation is to make a dish called “Maito.” When cooking Maito the family will cut down a really big leaf. They will then put the fish in the leaf and wrap it up. They put this over the fire and let the fish cook. Then they will open the leaf and serve with fish, often accompanied with grilled plantains and a potato-like root vegetable called yucca that is native to the region. Traditionally, the family does not filet fish or remove the skin and eats everything but the bones. I did this while I was there and while it is often avoided in the west, I found the skin quite rich.

“La Costa” - The Coast

An Aerial View of Guayaquil, JorgeAlejanDroo, CC BY-SA 4.0

It's impossible to talk about the Ecuadorian coast without discussing the biggest city in all of Ecuador, Guayaquil. While Guayaquil lacks the aesthetic beauty of Quito in the Andes, it is impressive in its own right. Quito is an old city that is sprawled over many many miles, with hardly any tall buildings. Because of this, Guayaquil, a city working hard to modernize, is the home to Ecuador’s tallest building. Along with this is “la perla” or “The Pearl,” which, during its opening in 2015, was the largest ferris wheel in South America.

Ferris Wheel in Guayaquil, Sebastian Reategui, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Although the star of Guayaquil, and home to said ferris wheel, is “El Malecon 2000.” El Malecon 2000, named after the year it was opened, is a gorgeous 2.5 kilometer riverfront promenade. Located along the path are plenty of attractions, including a museum of anthropology, an Imax theater and a garden, adorned with its own koi ponds.

Malecon 2000, Guayaquil, Padaguan, CC BY-SA 3.0

It should be noted, however I was in Ecuador as part of a study abroad program. During the program, in our last month, we were allowed to select almost anywhere in Ecuador to conduct an independent study. The two places we were not allowed to study were Ecuador’s border with Colombia, and Guayaquil. Ecuador as a whole has a problem with theft and crime. During my time living in and around Quito and Puyo that was always manageable. If you take common sense precautions and are careful, generally speaking, you’ll be okay, just like in a large city in the United States. The same cannot always be said for Guayaquil, especially for foreigners, who may become more of a target because of their manner of speaking and the color of their skin. Guayaquil is a beautiful city that locals frequent often for its climate, culture, and the amazing beaches of Ecuador’s coast. Foreigners can visit too, but they must exercise a considerable amount of caution.

The Galapagos Islands

Galapagos Tortoise, Mike's Birds from Riverside, CA, US, CC BY-SA 2.0

The Galapagos Islands are famous for their finches, which Darwin used to prove the existence of evolution. These birds, ironically, while perhaps the most famous species of the islands, are also one of their least impressive, looking just like small sparrows. The Galapagos’ namesake species however, the Galapagos tortoise, is a different story. These gentle behemoths are the biggest tortoises in the world, and one of the few creatures on Earth with a longer lifespan than humans, frequently living over 120 years old.

Sea Lions laying on a beach, Jeremy Giles

To add to the tortoises, the Galapagos has a slew of amazing native species, many of which can only be found on the islands. There are native penguins and flamingos, frigate birds with huge red pouches under their throats that can blow up like balloons and a bevy of sea lions loitering across the beaches. My personal favorite is the marine iguana, the only marine lizard species in the world and one that, while swimming, looks almost like a snake with legs.

Puerto Ayora Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, David Broad, CC BY 3.0

In addition to the animal species, the Galapagos also has a significant population of people. Four of the 13 major islands are home to around 30,000 permanent residents. While the islands are in the same region, each one has its own individual culture and way of seeing the world. These cultures, due to the interests of foreign countries in protecting the Galapagos, are often very diverse, creating a very interesting dining scene. The biggest town in the Galapagos is Puerto Ayora on Santa Cruz Islands, with a population of more than 10,000.

Jeremy is a Writing Seminars and International Studies major at Johns Hopkins University. He is an avid writer and the Co-Founder of Writers’ Warehouse, Johns Hopkins’ first creative writing group. He is an advocate for Indigenous rights, and studies how Indigenous philosophies can be used to help prevent climate change. Using his writing, he hopes to bring attention to underrepresented voices in today’s world.

The Afrobeats Revolution: From Lagos to London and Beyond

July 11, 2023

Afrobeats fuses traditional African sounds with contemporary elements to create a sonic landscape that is surging in global popularity.

7 Spectacular Global Theatres Stealing the Show

July 4, 2023

From Elizabethan Theatre to Peking Opera, these are 7 diverse storytelling formats that create awe-inspiring fusion of entertainment and ritual.

Peking Opera, the Legend of the White Snake. JS Dust. CC BY 2.0.

Theater stands out as an extraordinary art form that embodies the vibrant cultures spanning the globe. It not only boasts the distinction of being the oldest form of artistic expression but also captivates audiences by showcasing the essence of life and tradition. In the days preceding the advent of television and the internet, theater reigned supreme as a source of entertainment, and every aspect of it, from costumes to stage design, holds immense cultural significance. Whether we delve into the realms of renowned Greek and Shakespearean theater or venture into the lesser-known stages of India's Kathakali and Indonesia's Wayang Kulit, each theatrical masterpiece offers a profound and memorable experience.

1. Noh Theatre—Japan

Classical Japanese musical performance of Noh theater at the festival.Jim Epler. CC BY 2.0.

When exploring Japanese stage art, one’s imagination is often filled with vivid images of menacing masks, ritualistic movements, and enigmatic dialogues. Yet, these elements merely scratch the surface of Japanese performing art. Among them were the two prominent forms, Noh and Kabuki. The very term “Noh”, derived from the Japanese language, embodies the essence of “talent” and “skill.” Emerging as one of Japan’s oldest performing arts, Noh’s formalization took shape in the late 14th century, with roots in the traditional Kagura dances, a reverent homage to the gods for bountiful harvests. In stark contrast to Western theater, Noh does not have explicit plotlines, offering an abstract emotional experience. A single overpowering emotion such as jealousy, rage, or sorrow dominates the central character, portrayed through highly stylized performances. Symbolistic aesthetics play a crucial role, with distinct masks representing various character archetypes—Gods, Warriors, Women, the Deranged, and Demons. Noh explores themes of love, loss, aging, and the supernatural. UNESCO acknowledged Noh as a valuable intangible cultural heritage in 2001, solidifying its significance.

While many Noh plays are lost in history, nowadays, there are still around 200 captivating pieces that continue to enthrall audiences. Among them, “Atsumori” as a classic. This poignant tale unveils the tragic fate of Taira no Atsumori, a young warrior slain by Kumagai no Jiro Naozane during the Genpei War. As Kumagai, now a monk, revisits the battlefield, he encounters Atsumori's ghost. The story of Atsumori's demise is retold by a villager, leading to a confrontation where Atsumori realizes the absence of true enemies. Derived from the renowned “Tales of Heike,” depicting the intense struggles between the Taira and Minamoto clans, “Atsumori '' captivates Noh audiences.

2. Kathakali—India

Kathakali performance.Aleksandr Zykov. CC BY-SA 2.0.

India’s vibrant Kathakali theater enchants the senses with its dazzling array of colors, intricate costumes, and captivating dance performances. Born on the shores of Kerala over 300 years ago, Kathakali weaves together elements of dance, dramatic storytelling, and mythological traditions. Drawing inspiration from the intricate temple sculptures of the 16th century, the dance sequences in Kathakali often portray the distinct square and rectangular positions characteristic of that art form. The very term “Kathakali” signifies the art of storytelling through dance drama, and the narratives themselves have been passed down through generations via oral tradition. These tales are often related to deities, demons, and other mysterious characters.

To bring epic stories to life on stage, Kathakali performances are typically held outdoors on a bare stage, accompanied by seasoned musicians. The heartbeat of a Kathakali production lies in the rhythmic pulse of percussion instruments like the Chenda and the Maddalam, setting the stage for the unfolding drama. As the melodies intertwine with the beats, the actors, adorned in elaborate makeup, step into their roles — a process that takes several hours to complete. The distinctive makeup style enables the performers to communicate a range of emotions through codified facial expressions, meticulously synchronized with the sung verses known as “padams.” The music serves as the lifeblood, infusing each movement and gesture with depth and meaning.

One of the most beloved tales performed in Kathakali is “Nala Charitam,” derived from the Mahabharata. This epic story spans four nights, narrating the journey of King Nalan and his beloved Damayanthi. Advised by Sage Naradan, they face plots from Goddess Kali, leading to separation. However, a hunter rescues Damayanthi, while Nalan finds solace in Kosalam. With the assistance of Kesini, they reunite, reconcile misunderstandings, and rediscover happiness.

3. Greek Tragedy—Greece

Ancient Greek theater in Delos. Bernard Gagnon. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Greek tragedy, one of the world’s most renowned ancient performance arts, finds its origins in the sacred rituals of Dionysus, the god of pleasure, fertility, wine-making, ecstasy, and theater. Spanning from the late 6th century BCE, Greek tragedies delved into the tragic downfall of heroes due to their inherent flaws, incorporating a mix of spoken and sung narration along with divine interventions. Accompanied by the Greek chorus, the dramatic actors engaged in dialogue, typically in iambic tetrameters, a poetic meter consisting of three iambic units (unstressed-stressed syllable pairs) per line. This rhythmic structure infused the lines with a sense of cadence and harmony. The theater was accessible to the public, as the cost was kept low through subsidies provided by the polis, or city-state. Performances took place outdoors, featuring a chorus and three actors who portrayed all the roles. These plays were often staged in competitive settings, allowing the audience to vote for their favorite, reflecting the preferences and tastes of both the Greek elite and ordinary citizens.

Renowned playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides have left an enduring legacy with their masterpieces of Greek tragedy. One such opus is Sophocles’ “Oedipus Rex,” also known as “Oedipus the King.” This play, believed to have been performed between 430 and 426 BCE, stands as a pinnacle of achievement in classical Greek drama.The story revolves around the haunting concept of fate’s inevitability. Oedipus, the central character, finds himself bound by a prophecy that foretells his patricide and an incestuous union with his mother. Compelled by the prophecy, Oedipus is forced to abandon his home of Corinth, and unwittingly journey to Thebes. However, this pursuit comes with great suffering, as Oedipus inevitably faces hardship as a result. “Oedipus Rex” examines profound themes of fate and truth, captivating audiences with its exploration of human nature, forcing them to contemplate their inexorable destinies.

4. Elizabethan Theater—United Kingdom

Inside Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. Andrew_j_w.CC BY-SA 2.0.

When discussing theater, the name that immediately springs to mind is none other than William Shakespeare. However, it was the vibrant cultural landscape of Elizabethan theater that set the stage for Shakespeare’s glorious triumphs. One of the most significant accomplishments of this era was the establishment of professional acting groups, which mirrored the structure of modern-day theater and captivated audiences with their mesmerizing performances.

Scene from Winedale Shakespeare Festival.Ajleon. CC BY 2.0.

Shakespeare, undoubtedly the shining star of Elizabethan theater, embarked on his theatrical journey at an open-air playhouse in Shoreditch. It was a time when public playhouses were just beginning to emerge in the then-bustling London. Not only was Shakespeare an exceptional playwright, but he also graced the stage as a talented actor. He joined a renowned theater company and remained loyal to them throughout his illustrious career. During his remarkable tenure at The Globe Theatre, an iconic London venue where Shakespeare’s King’s Men theater company took center stage starting in 1599, debuting an extraordinary collection of over 30 plays that continue to hold a prominent place in world literature. Among his unparalleled creations are timeless tragedies like “Hamlet” and “Macbeth,” which have endured the test of time, captivating audiences with their profound exploration of human nature and themes of suffering, equivocation and remorse.

“The Tempest” embodies the essence of Shakespearean plays, blending tragedy, comedy and the transformative power of art to reflect the complexities of human existence within the grand collection of Elizabethan theater. The sorcerer Prospero, a master of illusion and manipulation, orchestrates a captivating tale of shipwrecks, revenge, and redemption on a mystical island. Amidst this magical turmoil, love blossoms, treachery unfurls, and forgiveness emerges triumphant. The play’s allure lies in its openness to diverse interpretations: is it an allegory of Shakespeare's farewell to the stage, or a reflection on European colonization of foreign lands?

5. Tango Theater—Argentina

Tango show in Buenos Aires. Audrey_sel. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Coming into its own in the late 19th century, Tango has its roots in the vibrant neighborhoods of La Boca in Buenos Aires and Montevideo, where a blend of European, African, and Argentine influences converged. This fusion of diverse cultures gave birth to a unique dance that tells stories of passion, longing, and resilience. In the heart of Buenos Aires, the Tango is more than just a dance; it is an art form that embodies the spirit of the city. From its early roots in small ensembles, such as the tango sextet, with piano, double bass, violins, to the larger tango orchestras, or guitars, drums, vocalists, and tango dancers, the Tango Theatre presents a diverse range of musical expressions. Here, the Tango comes alive, showcasing its elegance, sensuality, and emotional depth.

Tango’s journey is a testament to its enduring allure. Initially shunned by mainstream Argentine society as indecent, it found unexpected recognition and adoration in the upper-class circles of Paris, thanks to Argentine intellectuals who introduced it abroad. From there, the Tango quickly swept across Europe and the Americas. As it returned to its homeland, it evolved and transformed, reflecting the changing times and influences it encountered. Famous tango theaters, such as La Ventana in San Telmo, distinguishes itself from the rest by showcasing not only tango but also a rich array of folkloric music. This captivating show offers a well-rounded experience, featuring music and dance from various regions of the country. Many Tango folk styles, from the lively rhythms of chamame to the vibrant melodies of chacarera and Zamba, come from provinces like Salta and Santiago del Estero in the northern interior.

6. Wayang Kulit—Indonesia

Wayang kulit from Indonesien performed at Paris.Dalbera.CC BY 2.0.

In Indonesia, master puppeteers captivate audiences with mesmerizing stories in performances of Wayang Kulit, or shadow puppetry. Meticulously crafted from buffalo hide, the puppets boasted intricate designs that brought characters to life. Traditional oil lamps gave way to modern lighting, illuminating the stage and infusing the ancient spectacle with new magic. Inspired by Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, the performances transported spectators to mythological times. Wayang Kulit gave birth to other art forms, including three-dimensional puppets and wooden figures manipulated by rods. Through witty actions, puppeteers conveyed social and political criticisms, creating a legacy of cultural significance. Passed down through generations, Wayang Kulit wove together indigenous myths, Indian epics, and Persian heroes, forming a rich tapestry of folklore and tradition.

Yogyakarta, Wayang Kulit. Arian Zwegers. CC BY 2.0.

The ancient Ramayana takes center stage in the Wayang Kulit tradition. In a distant land, Prince Rama and the beautiful Princess Sita find themselves exiled to the depths of the forest. Amid the wilderness, an evil and cunning demon king named Ravana set his wicked eyes upon the exquisite Sita, devising a sinister plan to possess her. Upon discovering Sita's abduction, Rama's heartache turned into fierce determination. With unwavering courage, he embarked on a perilous journey to rescue his beloved princess. This epic battle between good and evil has become a timeless legend, celebrated through the artistry of Wayang Kulit, captivating audiences with its riveting storylines and masterful puppetry.

7. Peking Opera—China

Havoc in Heaven Peking Opera. Chenwen. CC BY 2.5.

China boasts a diverse array of over 300 opera types, and among the most celebrated is Peking Opera. Regarded as the pinnacle of Chinese art, Peking Opera has a remarkable history spanning 160 years. This captivating art form combines singing, acting, recitation, and martial arts to bring stories of history, society, and everyday life to the stage. The music of Peking Opera sets the rhythm and atmosphere, while the elaborate costumes and symbolic makeup vividly depict the personalities of the characters. Peking Opera is an art that is carefully passed down through generations via master-student training, ensuring the preservation of China's cultural heritage. Alongside Greek tragedy and Indian Sanskrit opera, it stands as one of the ancient operas of the world. Breaking free from the limitations of time and space, Peking Opera employs a unique style that blends reality and illusion, captivating audiences with stunning performances. For an authentic experience of this renowned opera, the Liyuan Theatre, located in Beijing’s Qianmen Hotel, offers a luxurious setting for up to 1000 viewers. The theater features a traditional stage where actors adorned in exquisite makeup bring the stories to life, immersing the audience in the captivating world of Peking Opera. It is an opportunity to witness the richness of Chinese culture and indulge in the beauty of this cherished art form.

One of the most significant plays in the Peking Opera tradition, “The Drunken Concubine,” is set in the Tang Dynasty, and its plot revolves around Yang Yuhuan, a beloved concubine of Emperor Xuanzong and one of ancient China's Four Beauties. The opera portrays the poignant love between the emperor and Yang. Through heartfelt lyrics, Yang expresses her emotions, symbolically embedding them onto the moon, as it rises above the island. The opera's moon-themed lyrics make it especially fitting to enjoy during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Despite cultural barriers, Peking Opera continues to captivate audiences worldwide. “The Drunken Concubine” has been performed in various countries, including Russia, Austria, and North Korea, demonstrating the art form’s international appeal.

From China’s Peking Opera to Indonesia’s Wayang Kulit, these vibrant performance arts create a magnificent fusion of entertainment and ritual. While this article highlights the emblematic theaters of specific countries, it is merely a glimpse into the vast treasure trove of world theater. Regardless of language or cultural variances, the power of storytelling resonates universally in the realm of theater, captivating audiences with its emotive depth and captivating beauty.

Hope is a Chinese international student at Wake Forest University in North Carolina studying sociology, statistics, and journalism. She dreams of traveling around the globe as a freelance reporter while touching on a wide range of social issues from education inequality to cultural diversity. Passionate about environmental issues and learning about other cultures, she is eager to explore the globe. In her free time, she enjoys cooking Asian cuisine, reading, and theater.

5 Wildfires Around the World in 2023

June 29, 2023

The increasing temperatures and drier conditions created by climate change have caused bigger and more dangerous wildfires.

Wildfires are occurring more frequently, burning hotter and causing more destruction than ever before. In the US alone, the top five years for the largest acreage burned have occurred since 2007, with the top three all within the last eight years. Climate change causes warmer and drier atmospheric conditions, leading to more intense and longer-lasting wildfires. The years with the most burned acreage tend to also be the years of the warmest temperatures on record, suggesting the role of climate change-induced aridity in the intensity of these natural disasters. Here are examples of wildfires that have occurred in 2023 so far.

Chile - February 2023

Wildfire smoke in Chile. Lacasadeljotta. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Wildfires in south-central Chile led to 24 deaths and about two thousand injuries, burning over 800,000 acres of land. These fires arose from a phenomenon referred to as “La Nina,” which explains the occasional cooling of ocean temperatures, leading to rainier and colder conditions in the north as well as drier and warmer conditions in southern regions, such as Chile.

Spain - March 2023

Wildfire in Spain. Sergio Torres. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Fires originating in the province of Castellón marked the beginning of this year’s wildfire season for Spain. Forcing over 1,800 people to evacuate, the blaze spanned over 10,500 acres of land. Though these fires were destructive, the country experienced even more devastation last year, with about 500 wildfires and the burning of about 756,000 acres of land.

Russia - May 2023

Wildfire damage in Russia. Ivan Simochkin. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Wildfires in the Russian Ural Mountains and Siberia have led to at least 21 deaths and many injuries. These inferno covered 280,000 acres of land, destroying hundreds of homes. The cause of these fires was a heat wave likely caused by climate change, and the degree of destruction has been attributed to lack of resources and in and the sheer isolation of in the locations of these fires’ origins.

United States - June 2023

Smoke from California wildfires. Frank Schulenburg. CC BY-SA 4.0.

Like Spain, the United States experienced a brutal wildfire season in 2022, especially in western states. For example, fires in the state of Oregon burned over 400,000 acres of land in 2022 alone. So far in 2023, Oregon has experienced 18 wildfires and the burning of over 17,000 acres of land. Other US states, such as Arizona and California, have also had multiple wildfires recently.

Canada - June 2023

Forest fire in Canada. Stefan Doerr. CC BY-ND 3.0.

The Canadian province of British Columbia experienced its worst wildfire on record this June. The fire occurred in Donnie Creek, burning 2,063 square miles of land. The summer of 2023 is projected to be the worst wildfire season ever for Canada in terms of damage, as the country experiences warmer and drier conditions than usual.

In recent years, the most wildfire damage has occurred in the month of July, with an average of 1.7 million acres burned in this month between 2002 and 2020. With this statistic, it can be inferred that there will be even more destruction to come from wildfires in 2023. More than 80 percent of wildfires are caused by humans, often through cigarettes, campfires, and other common products and activities. Fires are becoming deadlier due to atmospheric conditions resulting from climate change, as drier and warmer temperatures make the environment more flammable and induce larger fires. Indeed, the wildfires in Chile, Spain, and Oregon were likely caused by human activity. With this information, it is important to spread awareness about wildfires and to be cognizant of possible environmentally-harmful behaviors.

Here are some ways you can help prevent wildfires:

Ensure that you properly extinguish your camp fire.

Douse your camp fire with a bucket of water twice, stirring it in between. Before leaving, check to make sure the ground is cold.

Avoid engaging in fire-related activities during dry conditions

Dry atmospheric conditions increase flammability. Avoid building fires, using fireworks, or engaging in any other fire-related activities on dry days.

Avoid driving or parking on dry grass.

The exhaust of one vehicle alone can exceed one thousand degrees. As dry grass is highly flammable, it is best to not park or drive in these areas.

Put used matches in a cup of water or closed container.

Ensure that you are being conscious of how you dispose of your matches to avoid accidentally igniting them. Put used matches in a cup of water or a closed container (to starve any embers of oxygen) before disposing of them.

Another way of making an impact is to donate to wildfire relief organizations. Many organizations help revitalize areas that have been devastated by wildfires.

Click here to donate to the American Red Cross Disaster Relief .

Click here to donate to the UN Crisis Relief.

Alexandra is a student at The College of New Jersey studying psychology and journalism. She is a lover of coffee, dancing, and visiting new places. Being raised with her Greek culture has inspired her interest in cultural customs around the world. She is a passionate writer and hopes that her work will make an impact in the future.

Thrill-Seekers Turned Activists: How Urban Explorers Reshape Our Cities

June 28, 2023

Dive headfirst into the vibrant and rebellious world of urban exploration.

An abandoned building in Dallas, TX, USA. CC0 Photo by Jamison Riley

A clandestine movement has taken root in the heart of the concrete jungle, where towering skyscrapers cast long shadows and the city’s pulse beats relentlessly. Urban explorers, audacious pioneers of the metropolitan underworld, have transcended the realm of mere thrill-seeking to become a force of exploration and social change. With a fervor matched only by their insatiable curiosity, these modern-day adventurers navigate our cities’ forgotten nooks and crannies, unearthing hidden stories and breathing life into the abandoned.

Venturing beyond the metropolis’s surface, urban explorers are more than mere adrenaline junkies. They don headlamps and sturdy boots, equipped not only with a passion for the forbidden and abandoned but also a profound desire to expose the secrets that lie dormant, just out of view. These intrepid souls are the custodians of forgotten spaces, the keepers of memories that time and progress threaten to erase. But what sets many of these thrill seekers apart is their mission to harness these spaces to advocate for change and ignite the fires of awareness.

Exploring an abandoned building in Buzludzha, Bulgaria. Photo by Natalya Letunova.

In urban exploration, unearthing hidden gems is an art form. With meticulous research, cunning and bit of audacity, explorers infiltrate abandoned factories, derelict warehouses, and silent asylums that once teemed with life. Their discoveries often yield fascinating historical tidbits that lurk in the shadows of our urban landscapes, waiting to be rediscovered.

Did you know that beneath the bustling streets of New York City, a hidden network of tunnels snakes its way, unseen by the masses above? These forgotten catacombs were once arteries of the city's subway system, now frozen in time. Urban explorers, torches in hand, venture into this subterranean labyrinth, weaving through tracks forgotten by the city above. Through their daring expeditions, they expose the forgotten arteries of the past, awakening a collective sense of awe and inspiring us to question the evolution of our cities.

One early example comes from the Catacombs of Paris, a vast underground ossuary housing the remains of millions of people. In the late 18th century, the catacombs were initially explored by a group of quarry workers; subsequent ventures by early urban explorers brought attention to a massive hidden underworld. Their expeditions and documentation highlighted the historical and cultural significance of the catacombs, which were at risk of being forgotten and destroyed. Their efforts led to the catacombs being officially opened to the public in 1809, ensuring their preservation and creating a unique tourist attraction that continues to this day.

The Spreepark Ferris wheel is overgrown with vines. Björn O. CC BY-ND 2.0

Similarly, a remarkable instance of urban exploration leading to tangible change can be found in the case of Berlin's iconic Spreepark. Once a bustling amusement park in East Germany, it fell into disrepair after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Urban explorers were among the first to return to its abandoned rides and dilapidated structures. Their documentation and artistic endeavors drew attention to the park's unique history and architectural significance. This, in turn, sparked public interest and led to grassroots movements advocating for its preservation. Eventually, the city recognized the cultural value of Spreepark, and it is now being renovated and revitalized as a cultural hub and public space, thanks in part to the efforts of urban explorers.

Today, urban explorers, armed with cameras and a flair for the arts, transform abandoned spaces into living, breathing works of art. With strokes of creativity, they paint vivid pictures of urban decay, capturing the beauty in the broken and turning dilapidated factories into canvases that scream for attention. By juxtaposing the modern world with the remnants of the past, they challenge the status quo and force us to confront the transient nature of our surroundings.

In fact, urban exploration has played a crucial role in shedding light on neglected neighborhoods and highlighting social issues. In the 1960s and 1970s, urban explorers in New York City, known then as "street historians," ventured into abandoned buildings and derelict neighborhoods. Their photographs and documentation exposed the city's neglect of these areas and the struggles faced by marginalized communities. Their work drew attention to urban decay, inequality, and the urgent need for urban revitalization. This activism paved the way for grassroots movements, policy changes, and community involvement in transforming neglected neighborhoods into vibrant, inclusive spaces.

Le Petite Ceinture. Photo by Florian Olivo.

Beyond artistic endeavors, urban exploration is rooted in a more profound purpose – preserving cultural heritage and pursuing environmental consciousness. Many urban spelunkers strive to save architectural relics from the clutches of demolition, advocating for the conservation of our shared history. By documenting these forgotten spaces and shedding light on their plight, they ignite a collective sense of responsibility, prompting us to question the blind march of progress and contemplate alternative paths for urban development.

Take, for instance, the case of the Centralia Mine Fire in Pennsylvania, USA. This underground coal mine fire has been burning since 1962, releasing toxic gasses and pollutants into the air and soil. Urban explorers, recognizing the environmental impact and danger posed by the fire, have documented its effects and brought attention to the ongoing issue. By sharing their findings and raising awareness, they have contributed to the push for environmental remediation and the implementation of measures to mitigate the harmful effects of the fire on the surrounding ecosystem.

Similarly, urban explorers have also played a crucial role in exposing and advocating for the cleanup of contaminated industrial sites, such as abandoned factories and chemical plants. Their explorations and documentation draw attention to these neglected spaces’ potential hazards and environmental risks. By highlighting the presence of pollutants, hazardous materials, and the need for cleanup, they contribute to the dialogue surrounding environmental conservation and encourage responsible remediation efforts.

Once relegated to the fringes of society, urban exploration has evolved into a powerful movement and is even the focus of several social media accounts like Decaying Midwest and Martin Horton who explores South Yorkshire. In the footsteps of these fearless adventurers, a new narrative of urban development is being written. They challenge the status quo, champion the forgotten, and reawaken our senses to the untapped potential of our cities. As modern-day explorers, they continue to rewrite the story of our cities, one forgotten space at a time, bridging the gap between past and present.

Raeann is an accomplished traveler, digital storyteller, and guide writer with a degree in Mass Communication & Media. Her work as the Content Manager with CATALYST focuses on reshaping travel culture to be ethically sound and sustainable, while promoting social and environmental reform through cultural exchange. With over a decade of experience crafting unforgettable adventures, she creates and reports on experiences that leave a lasting impact.

4 Stunning Coral Reefs: Their Threats and Beauty

June 28, 2023

Coral reef systems are home to some of the largest concentrations of biodiversity in the world, but climate change is putting them at risk.

Fish swimming through coral reefs in Panama. Thinkpanama. CC BY-NC 2.0

Home to countless fish and vibrant aquaflora, these awe-inspiring reefs are feeling the impacts of climate change.

To dive into the world of coral reefs is to experience an underwater garden defined by vibrant colors, rare plant life, and unparalleled biodiversity. Not only are coral reefs visually stunning and awe-inspiring, but they serve an important role in food systems and economic growth, as approximately one billion people rely on coral reefs across their world for food and income.

However, the effects of climate change are damaging the health and vitality of reef systems. One major effect of rising water temperatures on coral reefs is coral bleaching. Coral bleaching occurs as an adaptive response to warming waters, during which corals shed their symbiotic algae, or zooxanthellae, in the hopes of replacing it with algae that is more heat tolerant, a process that leads the corals to take on a white color and appear ‘bleached.’ This doesn’t immediately kill the coral, but the environmental keystone is left vulnerable and its death rate increases. With so many species relying on reefs as a source of nutrients and shelter, bleaching not only affects the health of the coral itself but the entire network of life that the reefs support.

The impacts of coral bleaching are increasing steadily alongside rising temperatures, with an ocean heat wave causing roughly 75% of the world’s reefs to experience bleaching between 2014 and 2017.

As reefs around the world feel the effects of climate change, now more than ever is it crucial to understand and appreciate the beauty and significance of coral reef systems around the world, as well as the efforts being made to protect them.

Great Barrier Reef, Australia

The Agincourt Reef in the Great Barrier Reef. Robert Linsdell. CC BY 2.0

Perhaps the most famous of all coral reefs, the Great Barrier Reef is also the largest coral reef system in the world, stretching some 348,000 square kilometers along the Australian coast. Home to distinct ecology and biodiversity, the reef holds roughly 400 distinct types of coral, 1,500 different species of fish, and around 240 different species of birds. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most popular tourism destinations in Australia, with some 2 million people visiting the Marine Park each year.

Around 344,400 square kilometers or about 99% of the reef is included as part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. As part of The Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan, the Australian government invested $260 million into the park in an effort to aid reef protection and conservation efforts. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also taken strides to acknowledge Indigenous communities’ relationships to the reef and reserves specific marine tourism permits that offer opportunities for Indigenous people to build tourism businesses and collaborate with other operators to share their cultural connection with the reefs.

In 1981, the Great Barrier Reef became a World Heritage Site, an area that is granted legal protection by the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), making it the most biodiverse ecological area to be included in the category.

Despite such protections, the Great Barrier Reef is vulnerable to harmful bleaching practices, with nearly 400,000 hectares disappearing due to bleaching between 2015 and 2016 alone. As outlined in The Reef 2050 Plan, the Australian Government aims to reduce the nutrients loads entering the ocean via rivers by 80% by 2025.

The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most popular diving destinations, and offers travelers the experience to glimpse a range of marine life, from whitetip sharks to yellow snappers. The town of Cairns is a popular entry point and has a bustling hostel season in peak diving season during which day boats take divers out to nearby reefs. If travelers want to escape the crowds they can venture farther north to Port Douglas and utilize the town's diving resort options. Because the quality of reefs increases as one moves further from the mainland, divers frequently utilize liveaboard trips, which allow them to spend multiple days and nights living on a boat that transports them to different diving sites. While diving is possible year-round, Australia’s summer months between December and February bring in warmer and clearer water to talk in the stunning vibrancy of the corals. However, during the winter months from March to November (the Southern Hemisphere’s de facto summer), divers are more likely to come across large marine mammals. The Great Barrier Reef is suitable for divers at all levels, though degrees of difficulty vary depending on the site, with spots such as the Osprey and Ribbon Reef being more suitable for advanced divers.

Raja Ampat, Indonesia

Colorful corals and fish at the Raja Ampat. Carlos Fernandez-Cid. CC BY 2.0

As part of The Coral Triangle, an oceanic ecological area in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the Raja Ampat reef stretches nearly 4 million square miles. The rich nutrients and biodiversity of this area makes it home to 1,600 different fish species and 75% of the world’s coral species. The diversity in the area in part stems from the area's proximity to the “Ring of Fire”, a range of underwater volcanoes that extends for some 25,000 miles along the Pacific Ocean. Stretching along the boundaries of several tectonic plates, the area is rich in volcanic activity, and holds 75% of the Earth’s volcanoes, of which it has more than 450.

Parts of the Raja Ampat are included in the network of Marine Protected Areas that was established by local communities and governments along with Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and Worldwide Fund For Nature, to provide conservation and zone regulations to a total of 2,000,109 hectares.

The Raja Ampat has proven widely resilient to the effect of climate change and warming waters. The reef’s unique location has rendered it adaptable to a variety of different climates, with low tide reefs heated by the sun and deep ocean reefs that experience oceanographic upwellings which bring in cold, nutrient rich water. Temperatures across The Raja Ampart can range between 66 degrees to 96 degrees Fahrenheit. Because coral bleaching is a stress response to climate change, The Raja Ampat reefs resilience to intense warm water temperatures also means that the reef system has exhibited few signs of bleaching.

Due to its remote locale, the Raja Ampat is less popular with divers than some of the other major reef systems. But those who choose to embark on the journey will not be disappointed. Liveaboarding is the most popular way to see the reefs, with around 40 liveaboards in the area, and trips are on offer from October to May. Dive resorts are also popular for visitors who want a land-based option. Some of the most popular diving spots include Sardine's Reef, Mike's Point and Blue Magic, located at the Dampier Strait. Along with its coral, the Raja Ampat contains a plethora of rich marine life including reef sharks, barracudas, and octopuses. With such diversity, it's no wonder the Raja Ampat reef holds the record for the largest number of different species recorded in a single dive.

Red Sea Coral Reefs, Indian Ocean

Divers in the Red Sea near Big Brother Island. Derek Keats. CC BY 2.0

The Red Sea Coral Reefs are defined by their distinct location and geological history. The reef platforms are over 5,000 years old and extend for some 1,240 miles (2,000 km). Due to its unique location and regional climate, the Red Sea reefs are tolerant to extreme climates, including high temperatures, salinity, and frequent turbidity from seasonal dust storms. A lack of river discharge, combined with low rainfall in the region helps make the water exceptionally clear and free of heavy sediments. This unique geology makes the Red Sea Reefs an ideal home for rare species, with roughly 10% of its 1,200 recorded fish species being endemic, meaning that they are found nowhere else.

The Red Sea Coral reefs are unique in their resistance to climate change and ocean bleaching. This resistance is in part due to the fact that many of the reefs in the Red Sea actually migrated to their current location from the south, an area with significantly higher temperatures. Relying on their historical comfort with extreme heat, today, reefs in the Red Sea seem to be actively thriving as water temperatures rise, with algae doubling the amount of oxygen they produce. In order to learn more about the Red Sea reefs’ ability to thrive in such extreme weathers, scientists have built a Red Sea Stimulator to try and mimic the conditions of the area and understand how the specific environment in the Red Sea can be used to help protect other reef systems that are not as resistance to climate change.

While the Red Sea coral reefs have proven resilient to climate change, they face the threat of degradation from nearby urban expansion that can create runoff and debris harmful to the water quality. In 1994, the governments of Israel and Jordan collaborated to found the Red Sea Marine Peace Park, in the Gulf of Aqaba. The park offers a groundbreaking example of a cross-national collaboration to preserve and protect coral reefs.

Diving the Red Sea allows an opportunity not just to see the coral, but also large marine mammals such as sharks and dolphins, unique underwater environments including labyrinths and lagoons, and remnants of past shipwrecks, including the SS Thistlegorm, a British cargo steamship that sunk in 1941. Most dive resorts can be found in the coastal towns of Sharm el Sheikh and Dahab. The Red Sea’s high evaporation rates and infrequent rainfall and isolated location make it a nearly year-round diving destination. Diving in the northern region allows opportunities to explore the lagoons of El Gouna and shipwrecks found in the Straits of Gubal. In the South, the Fury Shoals is perfect for gentle drift dives, and the Zabargad and Rocky Islands house shallow reefs and black coral trees. The St. John’s Reef on the border of Sudan is one of the more isolated regions of the Red Sea. Divers can explore pristine caves and tunnels, however choppy winds between October and April can cause harsh conditions.

Rainbow Reef, Fiji

Fish swimming in Fiji’s Rainbow reef. David Burdick. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Located in the Somosomo Strait, a passageway that separates the Taveuni and Vanua Levu islands in Fiji, the Rainbow Reef offers a striking spectrum of colors that live up to its name. The Rainbow Reef is often called the soft coral capital of the world, and one of its most popular reefs is the Great White Wall, an underwater slope covered in a tapestry of soft white corals and home to countless colorful anthias as well as reef sharks and manta rays.

Fiji’s reefs have also been impacted by rising temperatures and bleaching. In 2017, a major bleaching event killed nearly half of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef and affected almost all of the reef’s protected by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. As a reaction to the devastating bleaching, Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama called for greater protection of reefs as they face the triple manmade threats of ocean acidification, rising temperatures, and harmful fishing practices. In January 2018, the Fijian government banned the sale of live coral, in an effort to provide further protection of the coral systems and recognize the important role these reefs play for local Fijians who rely on them for food and economic stability.

The Rainbow Reef is a popular diving spot, with the Great White Wall being included as one of the top 10 diving destinations by U.S. Divers Magazine and there are a few different diving resorts in the area. Most diving is done through resorts as there is only one liveaboard in Fiji. One of the most popular diving spots is Annie's Bommies, located between the Taveuni and Vanua Levu islands. The ‘bommies’ refer to the three submerged coral reefs that provide the perfect passageways for divers to weave between and catch a glimpse of the schools of fish, eels, leopard sharks and the stunning hues of the opal bubble coral. The best visibility for diving along the Somosomo Strait occurs from April to October, with the winter season from July to September ushering in choppier water conditions.

Jessica graduated from Barnard College with a degree in English. Along with journalism, she is passionate about creative writing and storytelling that inspires readers to engage with the world around them. She hopes to share her love for travel and learning about new cultures through her work.

Indigenous Fashion is Redefining the Runway

June 28, 2023

The ‘I’ in BIPOC has remained largely absent in the fashion industry, until now.

Models pose at Vancouver Indigenous Fashion Week. Vogue. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Once restricted to the top floor ateliers and hidden workshops of century-old brands, the world of high fashion is increasingly public. As a trillion dollar industry, one would expect fashion to have more than enough space for designers from all backgrounds to create and show their art, but as is the case, the market remains dominated by a handful of ancient European and American household names. More recently, designers of color have begun to break onto the haute couture scene as the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), among other notable fashion institutions across the world have made a strong effort to increase the visibility of BIPOC designers. The one minority notably absent, however, are Indigenous designers whose designs and culture have been repeatedly appropriated for years by brands such as Victoria Secret, Caroline Herrera, and Loewe, among others.

The First Nations Fashion and Design runway show in 2021 only included First Nations models. Stefan Gosatti. CC BY-SA 2.0

While the American fashion scene is notably lacking an Indigenous presence, Canada and Australia both hold annual Fashion Week events solely dedicated to showcasing Indigenous designers and models. In fact, the latter received a lot of positive attention in 2021 for local brand First Nations Fashion and Design’s runway show, which consisted entirely of First Nations models wearing First Nations-made garments. The show included a number of live musical performances and was interspersed with various homages to the claim of First Nations peoples to Australian land, none of which are common occurrences in Australia’s Fashion Week. The audience, however, absolutely loved it: creative designer Grace Lillian Lee along with her CEO and co-designer Teagan Cowlishaw walked out at the end of the show to a standing ovation. According to Cowlishaw, the show was about “the movement of giving our land back to its rightful owners,” a theme common among other runway shows and fashion collections created by First Nations designers.

South Sudanese-Australian model Adut Akech was named Model of the Year in 2018. Hot in Juba. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

In parallel with this sudden increase in Indigenous fashion exploding onto the scene in the past few years, demand for models of First Nations heritage has also skyrocketed. This previously untapped pool of talent is finally receiving the attention it deserves, with Indigenous models appearing with increasing frequency in print ads, television commercials, and of course, on runways. Australian modeling agencies can’t seem to sign Indigenous models fast enough, which has created a space for agencies that only represent models of First Nations heritage. According to some, this shift began with the appearance of several South Sudanese-Australian models who have gone on to become internationally renowned, but were firstly instrumental in redefining Australian standards of beauty: tanned, blonde, and bikini-wearing hegemony has been pushed aside in favor of a much more diverse range of skin colors and body types. Thus began the growing presence of First Nations faces in fashion campaigns both in Australia, and now, across the world.

Designers on stage at the National Indigenous Fashion Awards Ceremony in 2022. NIFA. CC BY-NC 2.0

In order to further support the work of First Nations designers in Australia, the National Indigenous fashion Awards (NIFA) were launched in 2020 to celebrate the cultural diversity and traditions of First Nations artists and designers in fashion and textiles. The annual event presents awards in six different categories including a Community Collaboration Award and a Wearable Art Award, each of which aims to promote the ethical and sustainable production practiced by many First Nations designers, as well as highlight traditional textile manufacturing techniques. The winning designers receive monetary awards as well as educational opportunities both locally and abroad to further develop their skills. This year, the event will take place on August 9 in the Darwin region of Northern Australia, an area traditionally owned by the Larrakia people, an Aboriginal nation with a population of roughly 2,000. While nominations closed in April, anyone who visits the NIFA website when it opens again for next year will be able nominate their favorite brands and designers, from those catering exclusively to the haute couture market, to brands showcasing their wares on social media, so long as they are of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander heritage. In addition, NIFA is launching a new showcase tour initiative this year that will allow shortlisted nominees and winners of the 2023 awards to display their designs to the public at four convention centers across the country.

NIFA award-winner Philomena Yeatman pictured in her studio with one of her traditionally woven tapestries. NIFA. CC BY-NC 2.0

Among the past winners is 59 year old Esther Yarllarlla, an artist of the Kunibidji who has been practicing and perfecting her traditional weaving techniques for decades. The piece which won her the Traditional Adornment Award was commissioned by the Bábbarra Women’s Center — a mókko or traditional womenswear garment with an open back, but her work also includes delicately knotted bags woven from banyan tree fiber. Another expert weaver, Philomena Yeatman received the Textile Design Award in 2022 for fusing traditional palm fiber weaving techniques with modern materials to create beautiful tapestries that tell the stories of her people, the Yarrabah. By contrast, last year’s recipient of the Business Achievement Award was a First Nations-run organization called Clothing the Gaps which engages in various social action campaigns to diversify Australia’s fashion sector. Through their community of youth leaders and community advocates, the organization has built a large following both in person and on social media, and helped them to successfully reclaim the First Nations flag in a legal campaign that ended successfully in 2022.

The list goes on: each shortlisted and winning designer or artist has dedicated their lives to advancing their craft and sharing their culture with the wider Australian community. While there is undoubtedly still work to be done, the burgeoning First Nations presence in Australia’s fashion scene is setting a positive precedent for the road forward, championing appreciation instead of appropriation, and carving out a space for Indigenous designers around the world that should really have been there from the beginning. As the words splashed across the backdrop of that fateful runway show in 2021 announced, “This is not a moment. This is a movement.”

Tanaya Vohra

Tanaya is an undergraduate student pursuing a major in Public Health at the University of Chicago. She's lived in Asia, Europe and North America and wants to share her love of travel and exploring new cultures through her writing.

Where Are All the Women Pastors?

June 20, 2023

The Southern Baptist Convention’s recent rule to prohibit women ministers is part of a long history of gender exclusion in Christian churches.

Men being ordained at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston. CC BY-ND 2.0

On June 14, 2023 the Southern Baptist Convention met in New Orleans for its annual conference and voted in favor of the church’s long-standing prohibition of women serving as pastors. The vote ruled overwhelmingly in favor of upholding the rule, a decision that led two congregations with women pastors to be expelled from the denomination: Saddleback Church in Southern California and Fern Creek Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky.

The vote reaffirms the Southern Baptists’ conservative focus and comes at the heels of a 2022 report detailing the church’s attempt to cover up sexual abuse by staff and pastors.

With 47,000 churches and 13.7 million members, the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest Protestant denomination in the United States. However, SBC’s decision to continue its exclusion of women from pastoral roles within the church is not unique within the Christian world. The Roman Catholic Church, along with the Church of Latter Day Saints (commonly called Mormons), and the Orthodox Church, all prohibit women’s ordination.

The question centered at the debate around female ordination is a complicated one. While many women make up a majority of congregants and are often heavily involved in Church life and activities, taking on secondary leadership roles, there remains a stark cut-off in women’s degree of power in these religious spaces, a phenomenon that has been dubbed the “stained-glass ceiling.”

In 2021, Duke University published research examining the reality of these “stained-glass ceilings.” Their findings highlighted a disproportionate lack of female leaders across a survey of Catholic, Evangelical, Black Protestant, Mainline Protestant, and Non-Orthodox Jewish communities. The study found that women lead only 14% of American congregations. The numbers varied across communities, with women leading 30% of white evangelical congregations and 16% of Black Protestant congregations. Contrastingly, within predominantly white Evangelical congregations only 3% were led by women, and only 2% of Roman Catholic Churches had female leadership.

However, even when women are able to serve as church clergy, they lag behind men when it comes to equal pay. Female clergy earn 76 cents to each dollar made by their male counterparts. The Church Law and Tax Compensation Handbook reported that male senior pastors earned a salary that was 40% higher– or $25,000 more– than female senior pastors between 2014 and 2015. While the pay gap appears to be shrinking, it is still present. From 2016 to 2017 men who worked as full-time senior pastors received 27% more earnings and benefits, or approximately $15,000 more, than their female counterparts.

Along with a measurable pay gap, women clergy members also face the same insidious sexism that harasses all women in leadership roles, leaving female clergy in a position of intense scrutiny through which through their authority, intelligence, and ability are routinely questioned and mocked.

Despite being barred from top roles, women play a crucial role in supporting the structures and community of the church. Out of all secondary ministerial staff, 35% of full-time and 46% of part-time staffers were female.

Women have long played a crucial role in religious life, serving as nuns, teachers, religious teachers, and deacons. But the very top positions are still out of reach.

A study found that only four out of nine major U.S. religious organizations that ordain women had a woman in the top leadership role. Those four churches– The American Baptist Churches, The Episcopal Church, The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and the United Methodist Church– each had only one woman in a top position.

In many ways women still serve as the backbone of the church, leading the charge behind community organizing, childcare, and volunteer services. When Pope Francis formally allowed women to serve in lay ministerial roles such as lectors and acolytes, he failed to acknowledge that women have been informally taking on the work and responsibilities of these positions for some time. Instead, he emphasized the difference between these positions and the ordained roles open only to men.

While women are the vital essence powering many churches, when it comes to access to the podium or microphone, they face categorical silencing.

Protest outside Westminster Cathedral. Catholic-womens-ordination.org.uk. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Why does female religious leadership matter?

Female leadership in the church not only allows religious spaces to better serve the specific spiritual needs of their congregation, but the opportunity to see examples of women in positions of power and respect also has a significant impact on young girls.

A 2018 study found that the presence of female congregational leaders can lead to better self esteem in the young girls who grow up in their church, an impact that reverberates into adulthood. Compared to women who had grown up with some female clergy members, women who had never had female congregational leaders were 10% less likely to agree and 30% less likely to strongly agree to having high self esteem.

Additionally, the study found a link between young girls' access to female congregational leaders and their future employment opportunities. Women who grew up with a female role model as their most influential leader were just as likely to be employed full time as men, in contrast to those who did not.

Female leadership in church marks an important benchmark of gender equality that extends beyond religious divisions into social and political life as well. Church leaders oftentimes serve as influential figures in their communities, with the opportunity to serve as a powerful voice in discussions on timely social issues, including abortion and LGBTQ+ rights. Elevating women’s pastorship would also elevate women’s roles as community leaders, local activists, and engaged political informers.

Stained glass from from the Basilique de Sacré Couer in Paray-le-Monial. Lawrence OP. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Get Involved

Harnessing the power and advocacy of their women congregants, there are many organizations working tirelessly to advocate for women’s ordination and religious empowerment.

Women’s Ordination Conference (WOC) is a grass-roots movement that has been working to increase female leadership opportunities within the Catholic Church since 1975. The activist group advocates for women’s ordination and increased power within the Catholic Church. In 2018, WOC members protested outside the Vatican in order to advocate for women’s right to vote in synods, a body that makes up the advisory board to the Pope. Along with advocacy work, the organization provides a network aimed at building a community of empowerment for young women in the Catholic Church. Working alongside their goals for gender equality, WOC also seeks to dismantle systems of oppression through anti-colonialism and anti-racist work that champions inclusivity.

For over 100 years, the International Association of Women Ministers has been supporting women’s ministry and advocating for women’s ordination, with members across 22 countries. IAWM offers annual assemblies that have been hosted both within the United States and abroad in Canada, England, Cuba, New Zealand, Germany, Scotland, and Hungary, with the mission of cultivating an international forum for female ministers from all backgrounds, countries, and cultures to develop relationships and provide a community of support for women’s professional growth within ministry.

Eat for Under $15 at these 7 Global Cuisine Restaurants in NYC

June 20, 2023

Let your tastebuds travel without leaving the Big Apple.

Chinatown in New York City. Norbert Nagel. CC by 3.0.

Beyond its famous museums and fashion, New York City is recognized as the food capital of the United States. Every year foodies flock to the city’s restaurants for unique menus and interpretations of global cuisine. But this top-notch culinary environment typically comes—quite literally— with a price. New York restaurants are often criticized for their exorbitant prices. But fear not, there are plenty of restaurants in the city that offer authentic international cuisine for a reasonable price. Whether you are a college student on a budget or a lifelong fan of global cuisine looking for food made with a lot of love, these restaurants will leave both your stomach and your wallet happy.

1. Super Taste

Hand-Pulled Noodles with Lamb. Jason Lam. CC by 2.0.

Located in the famous culinary neighborhood of Chinatown, Super Taste may be the most well-known restaurant on this list. If you find yourself craving Chinese food, Super Taste is a classic, must-go stop. The most notable dish on the menu is their hand-pulled noodles. These silky and addictive noodles can be paired with chicken, beef, or mutton at the customer’s request. But if you aren’t in the mood for noodles, the five for $10 pork and chive dumplings drenched in sweet-spicy chili oil are always a crowd pleaser. Although there is limited seating inside, Super Taste is perfect for on-the-go enjoying. Their menu can be found here.

2. Pyza

Borscht topped with sour cream. Liz West. CC by 2.0.

Warm and delicious, Pyza serves Polish food so good it could be mistaken for a home-cooked meal. Located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, this restaurant specializes in plates piled high with food that makes you feel like family. Its menu features traditional dishes like stuffed cabbage, tongue in horseradish sauce, and various types of pierogies. A stand-out dish is their chicken cutlet, breaded and paired with a dollop of sour cream. Their soups range from a reasonable $5-$8, so tuck in with a bowl of borscht and enjoy the homey atmosphere. Additional items and prices can be found here.

3. Birria-Landia

Brooklyn location of Birria-Landia. Andre Carrotflower. CC by 4.0.

This Mexican spot may differ from most foodies’ perceptions of a typical restaurant. Instead of a usual sit-down experience, Birria-Landia started as a single Jackson Heights food truck. The operation has since expanded to include additional trucks in the Lower East Side, the Bronx, Jackson Heights, and Williamsburg. Their specialty dish, birria, features tacos topped with fresh cilantro and salsa paired with a rich, smooth dipping broth. The meat of the tacos—often beef—is first marinated in mixtures of spices and dried chillies before being cooked low and slow in broth. This lengthy process creates mouth-watering and juicy tacos that can be enjoyed for only $4.50. In addition to their exceptional tacos, their consummé broths, tostadas, and quesadillas can be found here.

4. Kassim’s Bakery

Aalu Roti. Guarav Dhwaj Khadka. CC by 4.0.

Whether you prefer your dishes savory or sweet, there is something for everyone at this Queens restaurant. Kassim’s serves a wide variety of Caribbean lunch and dinner foods, but also offers a tasty variety of pastries and baked goods. One of the menu’s highlights is the selection of roti; each variation of the dish is under $10. Roti is a wheat flatbread that at Kassim’s is paired with beef, chicken, duck, goat, and pachownie (innards of lamb). After finishing a main dish, customers can explore Kassim’s dessert menu. Their cassava pone is perfect for those with a sweet tooth; cassava, also called yuca, has an edible root often used to make starchy desserts. More of Kassim’s sweet and savory treats can be found here.

5. Punjabi Grocery & Deli

Samosas paired with chutney. K Spoddar. CC by 4.0.

Can you claim to have visited New York if you didn’t find yourself in a deli at some point during the trip? Although it also doubles as a grocery store, this Lower East Side joint’s Indian food makes it stand out. Even better, the deli only serves vegetarian food, making it the perfect spot for travelers with this dietary restriction. At only 50 cents, Punjabi Deli might have the most affordable Samosas in the city. They also offer an assortment of rice dishes where customers can mix and match different vegetable options to create the perfect bowl for only $6 or $8, depending on if you want a small or large meal. The $2 chai is a perfect way to wash everything down. More exciting dishes and beverages can be found here.

6. SVL Souvlaki Bar

Grilled kebabs. Glen Edelson. CC by 2.0.

From spanakopita to greek fries, SVL Souvlaki Bar combines tradition with innovation to create unique Greek food. They have two Queens locations, with one on Steinway Street and the other on Astoria Boulevard. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this quick and fresh spot is their “build your own” options. You can customize salads and bowls, or even create entire plates filled with pita, kebabs, vegetables, and sauces. Their iconic SVL sauce combines sweet, tangy, and creamy flavors— it is the perfect way to top off any customized dish. Or, if the extent of customization is intimidating, you can always enjoy classic chicken souvlaki kebab for only $4.50. Even better, the Bar’s food is made with hormone-free meat and fresh produce. Read more about their ingredients, mission, and menu here.

7. Bunna Cafe

Injera topped with assorted vegetables. Kurt Kaiser. CC by 2.0.

If you’re looking for more of a sit-down experience, Bunna Cafe is the perfect destination. They are a Black-owned and vegan Ethiopian restaurant located in Bushwick, Brooklyn. The restaurant’s family-style meal environment creates the perfect atmosphere for hearty food paired with good conversation. Scoops of vegetables are served in piles on injera, a fermented sourdough flatbread. Customers can select a variety of different sides, mixing to create new flavors and combinations. Or, if you’re dining alone, the $12 lunch special comes with individual scoops of four different items. Although, with such generous portions, you may want to bring a friend to share. Further details about their menu and strong variety of sides can be found here.

Carina Cole is a Media Studies student with a Correlate in Creative Writing at Vassar College. She is an avid journalist and occasional flash fiction writer. Her passion for writing overlaps with environmentalism, feminism, social justice, and a desire to travel beyond the United States. When she’s not writing, you can find her meticulously curating playlists or picking up a paintbrush.

6 Global Visions of the Afterlife

June 20, 2023

Journey through the kaleidoscope of cultural perspectives on death, from India's embrace of reincarnation to the haunting underworld of Greek myth.

Charon’s Obol, putting a coin within the deceased’s eyes as a symbolic fare across the lake of Styx in the ancient Greek underworld. Tim Pierce. CC BY 2.0.

Death, the inevitable destination for all living beings, holds different meanings in various cultures. For example, Egypt sees it as a gateway to a transformative journey, whereas India and Japan believe in ancestral worship and reincarnation. Regardless of the connotations, death reveals humanity's contemplation of life's purpose and respect for the natural world. Here, we delve into the interpretations of death in seven countries:

1. Egypt

Egyptian Mummy. Mamamusings. CC BY-SA 2.0

With a profound mythological heritage, the Egyptians held a deep belief in the afterlife, considering it a testament to the morality exhibited during one’s lifetime. They perceived death as a temporary interruption and acknowledged the importance of honoring the deity overseeing the realm of the deceased both before and after life on Earth. According to Egyptian beliefs, although the physical body may perish, the soul could transcend its mortal shell and embark on a journey to the afterlife. Mummification, a significant ritual, aimed to preserve the corpse, preventing its decay and ensuring its integrity in the realm beyond. The Egyptian concept of death, known as “Duat,” was envisioned as a five-point star encircled by the sun and stars. Within Duat existed mystical elements, including a lake of flames, enchanted trees, and formidable iron walls (perhaps mundane to modern people, but positively spectacular in the largely pre-iron Bronze Age!). Those who successfully traversed this treacherous realm could ascend as Akh spirits. However, this elevation came with two challenges: proving one’s innocence before 42 divine judges regarding their earthly life and undergoing the weighing of the heart against the feather of Ma’at, symbolizing truth and justice. Wrongdoings in life carried weight, making the heart heavier than the feather. While the true complexity of ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs surpasses this narrative, it captures the essence of their profound worldview.

2. Japan

The Obon festival. Cacophotography. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

In Japan, the perception of the afterlife emerges from the interplay between Shinto and Buddhist beliefs. The Japanese understanding of the soul, referred to as Reikon, entails its departure from the physical body upon death to reunite with ancestors. This cultural foundation has fostered a strong ancestral worship tradition, wherein children are entrusted with the responsibility of honoring their parents and forebears through extensive rituals and offerings throughout their lives. By diligently fulfilling these obligations, individuals gain protection against malevolent forces. The Obon festival exemplifies this reverence, with chochin lanterns illuminating the graves of departed family members, guiding their spirits back to the household altars. As death gradually loses its mystique in Japanese society, attitudes have evolved, becoming more open and innovative. Notably, companies like Ginga Stage offer unique services such as launching the ashes of the deceased into space and scattering them in the ocean.

3. Mexico

Day of the Dead Altar. Señor Codo.CC BY-SA 2.0.

Mexican cultural practices around death are most famous for the vibrant commemoration known as the “Day of the Dead”. While the visually stunning and emotionally touching portrayal of the Land of the Afterlife in the 2017 film “Coco” received tremendous acclaim, the actual celebration surpasses its depiction. From October 27th to November 1st, during the “Day of the Dead,” altars adorned with offerings can be found throughout plazas. October 31 marks the opening of the gates of heaven for the spirits of departed children, while November 1 is dedicated to adult spirits reuniting with their families. Mexico wholeheartedly revels in the festivities of the Day of the Dead. Elaborate altars, intricately designed sugar skulls, and vibrant symbols represent this internationally recognized event.

Day of the Dead makeup. Robert Couse-Baker. CC BY 2.0.

La Catrina, a revered figure representing the perpetual cycle of life, stands as an indispensable icon during the Day of the Dead festivities, often brought to life through elaborate skull-like face paintings. Rather than succumb to sorrow over life’s end, Mexicans embrace death as an inseparable aspect woven into the intricate tapestry of existence.

4. India

Puja,a Hinduism ritual , held in Dashashwamedh Ghat. Ganges. Franx. CC BY-NC 2.0.

At the core of India’s perspective on death is the concept of reincarnation, the cycle of rebirth and renewal known as samsara in Sanskrit. Reincarnation serves as a common thread among Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, some of the most prevalent native religions in India. The destiny of one’s subsequent life is determined by their actions, known as karma, throughout their current lifetime. Karma dictates the form into which the departed individual will be reborn. Leading a virtuous life in accordance with the spiritual teachings of sacred texts paves the way to moksha, liberation from the perpetual cycle of birth and death. Regarding the afterlife, Hindus believe in the existence of seven realms, encompassing both higher and lower planes. The righteous ascend to the upper realms, where they are rewarded for their virtuous deeds and subsequently reborn as human beings. On the other hand, those who have committed evil deeds descend to the lower realms, enduring suffering and taking birth as lower beings, such as animals and insects.

5. Greece

The imaginary vestibule of Hades. Maxwell Hamilton.CC BY 2.0.

In the realm of Greek mythology, the underworld is governed by the fearsome duo of Hades and Persephone. Described in the Odyssey as a somber expanse encircled by the Acherusia Lake and traversed by three rivers—Styx, Kokytos (Cocytus), and Pyriphlegethon—it is the shadowy abode where most souls are believed to dwell after death. While some may perceive it as akin to a realm of torment, the Greek notion of heaven lacks a deity personifying its ethereal domains. In contrast, Hades presides over the underworld with a sense of justice tinged with cruelty. A figure so formidable that uttering his name struck fear in the hearts of many Ancient Greeks, he subjects the departed to moral judgment, where heroes may revel in rewards while villains endure the agonizing consequences of their deeds. For ordinary mortals, the passing of their souls is believed to involve a departure from their physical forms. It was the solemn duty of women to carefully dress and clean the lifeless bodies, adorning them in humble garments and placing a coin within the deceased’s eyes as fare to pay for their passage across the enigmatic River Styx into the vast underworld. At the break of dawn, the departed soul is borne away upon the back of a noble steed, embarking on a somber journey towards their final resting place.

6. Sweden

Illustration of Ragnarok. Louis Moe.C BY-SA 4.0.

Deeply interwoven within the fabric of Norse mythology, the Vikings held a faith in the existence of Valhalla—an ethereal realm reserved exclusively for those valiant warriors who, through their unwavering courage, had carved a path of honor upon the battlefield. Battle-hardened Vikings aspired to secure their rightful place in Valhalla through honorable deaths in combat. Once admitted to this hallowed sanctuary, known as the dwelling of the Einherjar, the fallen warriors did not languish in lifeless repose. Instead, they fervently engaged themselves in preparations for the impending Ragnarok, the final battle between the mighty Gods of Asgard and the frost giants. Such epic clashes have since become a recurring theme in the realms of video games and movies, captivating the imaginations of countless enthusiasts.

In the myriad perspectives on death across the globe, its significance is similar to that of life itself. Amid the tumultuous tides of change happening in the world these days, bidding a proper farewell remains an immensely pertinent subject. The imagery of heaven, a sanctuary for the virtuous, and hell, a place of punishment for the malevolent, is just one of many ways cultures have conceptualized an afterlife both past and present. The commemoration and even celebration of death can rival the jubilation accorded to the birth of a new life.

ART REVIEW: Ai Wei’s New Exhibit Highlights Activism and Mass Production

June 20, 2023

Not one to shy away from political statements, Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei’s recent exhibition questions mass production and highlights human rights tragedies around the world.

Ai sits atop “Still Life,” one of the works presented in Making Sense consisting of 1,600 tools from the late Stone Age. Ai Weiwei Studio. CC BY-NC 2.0

Internationally renowned Chinese artist Ai Weiwei is known for his ability to present political opinions and insights through artwork that relies heavily on everyday objects, and his latest exhibit is no different. Titled “Making Sense,” the exhibit, which has been on display at London’s Design Museum since April 7 and will remain there until July 30, includes a number of Ai’s decommissioned artworks as well as a handful of new pieces. This exhibit marks the first time Ai has offered commentary on the practice of design and what it means for the value society places on objects.

Ai Weiwei pictured talking to reporters outside of his studio soon after his release from detainment in 2011. Getty Images. CC BY-SA 2.0

While Ai is most widely known as an artist, he is also an internationally recognized human rights activist due to the strong political statements he makes both through his art and his speech. He has long been openly critical of the Chinese government’s stance on the democratic process and human rights, which led to a stint under house arrest in 2010. The government claimed that he had built his Shanghai studio illegally and scheduled it to be demolished, although many believed that this was simply an excuse to further crackdown on dissent.

Ai has also regularly conducted investigations into government corruption and scandals which were covered up, resulting in his arrest in April of 2011 due to “economic crimes”. He was detained for a total of 81 days without ever being charged, and upon release, was hailed as the father of modernism in China. His clashes with the Chinese government have meant that freedom of expression and free speech are central themes to a lot of his work, and he often tries to draw parallels between his experiences in China with what he sees happening in the US, Europe, and elsewhere.

Photographs from the “Study of Perspective” collection are displayed above the stone age tools. Ed Reeve. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

In “Making Sense,” many of the works are large collections of objects both ordinary and rare, meant to probe his audience’s views on mass production and consumption, from lego bricks to stone-age tools, pottery shards to porcelain cannonballs from the Song dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). True to his activism, there are also a number of works highlighting various human rights and social justice issues, such as the poor response of the Mainland Chinese government after the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 and the ongoing refugee crisis in Southern Europe.

Among the decommissioned works in the exhibit is a collection of photographs titled “Study of Perspective,” in which only Ai’s hand is seen emerging from behind the camera, holding up his middle finger before a variety of backgrounds including the Eiffel Tower, Tiananmen Square, and the White House. Shot between 1995 and 2017, these photographs were meant to mimic those taken by tourists in front of these popular landmarks, while simultaneously presenting a sharp statement of opposition to the political institutions they represent.

A sea of donated lego bricks makes up the “Untitled (Lego Incident)” Work in the exhibit. Ed Reeve. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Another work, “Untitled (Lego Incident),” comprises hundreds of Lego pieces donated to Ai after Lego refused to sell him any of their products in 2014. He had been previously been using Lego bricks to create portraits of imprisoned human rights activists to display as part of his “@Large” exhibit displayed in the infamous prison on Alcatraz Island, but Lego blacklisted Ai, announcing that their products are not meant to be used for political messages. His response on social media resulted in these donations, with this exhibition the first time the Legos will be part of a formal production. This field of bricks lies in front of another Lego based artwork in which Ai has reinterpreted the famous Monet painting of water lilies, using over 650,000 individual bricks to create a wall piece which stretches for almost 50 feet (roughly 15.2 meters).

Some of the works are of a much more personal nature, such as “Left Right Studio Material,” a carpet of blue glazed pottery shards leftover from when the Chinese government raided Ai’s studio in 2018 demolishing everything they could find. At the time Ai had been experimenting with the ceramics, trying to create the largest possible sphere that would fire in his kiln without shattering. One such bubble is visible to the right of the shards, a lone survivor of the studio raid. This work is one of a handful that speak to Ai’s fascination and appreciation of artisanal Chinese craftwork, porcelain making being among many that are quickly dying out thanks to automated mass manufacturing processes.

A close-up view of the porcelain teapot shards that comprise “Spouts”. Ian Mansfield. CC BY-SA 2.0

In this vein, the two works “Untitled (Porcelain Balls)” and “Spouts” also pay homage to Chinese porcelain, the former a field of over 200,000 porcelain cannonballs from the Song Dynasty; Ai was shocked by the use of such a delicate material to make ammunition. The latter is a collection of over 250,000 porcelain spouts broken off of teapots that were not perfect enough to be sold. These massive collections have been curated by Ai himself since the 90s and aim to question how we decide what objects are worthy of value: each of the cannonballs or stone age tools could be placed in a museum given their historical significance, but Ai was able to find them for next to nothing in Chinese flea markets.

“Backpack Snake” (left) and “Life Vest Snake” (right) adorn the back wall of the exhibit. Ed Reeve. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Conversely, the two winding snakes on the back wall of the exhibit are dedicated to the victims of the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 and the refugees who lost their lives making the journey to Europe from Syria. Titled “Backpack Snake” and “Life Vest Snake” respectively, each work uses items the artist found at the site of both crises: children’s backpacks collected from the rubble of the earthquake and life jackets left on shores of Lesbos by Syrian refugees. Ai painted over and repurposed these objects into the two 55 feet (roughly 16.8 meters) long serpents, which, to Ai, symbolize the complexity and unpredictability of crises both natural and man-made.

As of 2021, Ai has been living in Portugal and is still working in his new home in Montemor-o-Novo, a small countryside town near the Southwest Coast. His new work continues to draw inspiration from his Chinese roots as he collaborates with local ceramicists and porcelain makers to produce new art.

Tanaya Vohra

The Peace Walls in Belfast and the Politics of Separation

June 17, 2023

Today, there are efforts to take down the walls that have separated the loyalist and nationalist neighborhoods in Belfast for over fifty years.

Murals along the Falls Road side of Belfast’s Peace Walls. Megan Coughlin. CC BY-ND 2.0

The Walls are not only a reminder of a violent history, but a medium for artistic expression and international solidarity.

The origin of the partition that defines Ireland today can be traced back to the early 1920’s, when a successful Irish rebellion from British rule led the island to be broken up into two countries. The Irish Free State gained independence from the United Kingdom, while Northern Ireland remained part of the British state. Irish Nationalists, who generally support an island-wide Irish republic, are predominantly Catholic, while British Loyalists/Unionists are mostly Protestants.

The 1960s saw the beginning of ‘the Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. The Troubles refer to the period of violence, riots, and unconventional warfare between the British state and Loyalists paramilitaries, who believed Northern Ireland should remain part of the United Kingdom, and Irish Nationalist paramilitaries, who wanted Northern Ireland to join the rest of the island as a United Ireland.

It was within the context of the Troubles that the first Northern Ireland peace walls were built in 1969, after days of intense rioting in Belfast and Derry/Londonderry. Originally constructed as a temporary structure to ensure peace between the two sides, the walls have hardened into semi-permanent lines that continue to divide the cities today.

The signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, marked the end of the Troubles. The agreement set up an autonomous legislature and government that could legally only be governed by a coalition of Unionist and Nationalist political parties. Furthermore, while still recognizing Northern Ireland as a part of the U.K., the agreement also acknowledged the possibility for the area to one day unite with the rest of Ireland should a majority vote to do so.

The Good Friday Agreement was a pivotal marker of peace and cooperation between the two sides. However today, some 25 years after its signing, peace walls continue to divide Catholic and Protestant neighborhoods in Belfast.

One of the largest of these peace walls runs along the Falls and Shankill Roads in West Belfast and divides two major Catholic and Protestant neighborhoods. The wall is interrupted by stretches of metal gates, several of which still maintain a curfew, including the Townsend Street gates which closes every weekday night and throughout the weekend. The enduring curfew speaks to the continued tensions between Belfast’s Catholic and Protestant communities, which have been reinforced by the 2016 Brexit referendum.

But today, the walls are not just borders of separation. They’re also a canvas of artistic expression.

The Shankill and Loyalist side of the divide depicts memorializations of those killed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and tributes to the Ulster Defense Association, a Loyalist paramilitary organization founded in 1971. A portrait of King WIlliam, known as William of Orange, looks out upon the neighborhood where Union Jacks decorate the streets.

In contrast, the Falls Road and Irish nationalist side of the divide touts the orange and green Irish tricolor. Here, murals celebrate national pride with depictions of Gaelic sports and memorializations to national heroes, including a large portrait painted on the side of Sinn Fein Political Party Press Office of Bobby Sands, a popular IRA leader and elected MP who died of hunger strike while imprisoned.

It is also on the Falls side that one can see the famous International Wall, depicting images of global civil rights leaders the likes of which include Fredrick Douglass, Nelson Mandela, Harriet Tubaman, the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and Bob Marley. In this neighborhood, it is common to Palestinian flags hanging in people’s windows, aligning a mission to free Irish land from British rule with that of occupied territory in Palestine. A mural on the International Wall depicts hands clasped between prison bars, one of which is draped in an Irish national flag, the other in a Palestinian flag.

Murals along the peace wall that runs through Shankill and Falls Road. Mike McBride. CC BY-NC 2.0

In 2013, a project called Together: Building a United Community was launched by the Northern Ireland Executive. The project called for the removal of all walls in Northern Ireland by 2023, but progress has been slow and in January of 2023, about 60 walls still remain. In a 2015 survey by Ulster University on public attitudes towards the peace walls, about 35% of respondents wanted the peace walls ‘come down some time in the future’ with 40% of Catholics and 25% of Protestants surveyed sharing this position, while 44% of Protestants and 23% of Catholics ‘would like things left the way they are now’.

While the future of the peace walls remains uncertain, their presence serves as a striking visual reminder of division within a city that is increasingly embracing a global economy and multiculturalism, the very extent of which is exemplified by the international calls for peace and solidarity in the artwork that lines the divided city.

To Get Involved

The Social Change Initiative (SCI) is working to support peacebuilding and dialogue between Nationalists and Unionists. Based in Northern Ireland, SCI partners with local activists and publishes articles and reports that detail the strategies and reflections of those working directly within divided communities. SCI also connects local leaders to a global community of human rights activists through fellowships and mentoring programs, in an effort to create an international network through which individuals can share communication and advocacy tactics as well as strategies for peacebuilding and conflict disruption.

How To Visit

One of the most popular ways for travelers’ to experience and learn about Belfast’s peace walls is through Black Taxi Cab tours.

The tours began in the 1970s and are recognized for their effort to provide a balanced and unbiased history of Belfast. The black taxis were first employed as a kind of bus service in the midst of the Troubles in order to transport working class people from their neighborhoods to the city center. The tours are notably co-run by Catholics and Protestants, allowing visitors to hear perspectives from both communities as they travel across the Falls and Shankill roads.

6 Cool Spots to Escape the Summer Heat

June 16, 2023

Escape Northern Hemisphere hot spells at these chilly locales.

8 Independent Bookstores From Around the World

June 12, 2023

From shiny cafés to ancient theaters, here are some of the best independent bookstores to put on your travel list.

With more people ordering books online, it is more important than ever to support independent booksellers. jmm. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

For those of you that never travel without a book, or always finish the one you bring on the plane, this list of independent bookstores around the world could inspire you to make a reading detour on your next trip. While floor to ceiling bookshelves are the norm on this list, each shop has its own unique character, history, and traditions. Most importantly, they all boast an impressive selection of literature, some showcasing fresh local talent while others house rare ancient gems.

1. Topping & Company Booksellers - Edinburgh, Scotland

Located at the base of Edinburgh’s Calton Hill, Topping & Company Booksellers houses a massive selection of literature. Edinburgh News. CC BY-NC 2.0

The first Topping & Company bookshop opened in the town of Ely back in 2002, but the newest addition to the independently owned chain is one of the largest in the UK. The Edinburgh branch opened in 2019 and houses three floors of handcrafted floor-to-ceiling bookshelves and over 70,000 individual volumes, drawing in readers of all ages and interests. Their first floor has an impressive display of valuable rare and signed editions of various books, while the upstairs areas are split into specific genres ranging from award winning fiction to business and economics. Readers can use the signature Topping sliding ladders to grab a book off of the top shelves, or settle down into one of the many reading nooks scattered throughout the store to enjoy free servings of tea and biscuits. The store also holds a number of events throughout the year, hosting both established authors and rising stars, making it one of the premier literary hubs in Edinburgh.

2. Clarke’s Bookshop - Cape Town, South Africa

The facade of Clarke’s Bookshop on Long Street is favorite amongst locals who have been visiting for decades. Clarke’s Bookshop. CC BY-SA 2.0

Established back in 1957 as a secondhand bookstore by local Anthony Clarke, Clarke’s Bookshop is one of the longest running independent booksellers in South Africa. During the Apartheid Era, reading material was heavily censored by the country’s white supremacist regime and books deemed controversial often had to be smuggled in. Clarke’s was one of the few places that offered customers a wide variety of genres at an affordable price, and continues to live up to this legacy of intellectual tolerance today. While they still carry a large selection of previously used volumes, the shop began to specialize in African and South African specific works in the 1970s and has grown its collection exponentially since then. The store’s focus is to uplift South African stories and authors, with two entire floors dedicated to Africana works written by emerging South African authors. Clarke’s also has an impressive collection of rare texts that are no longer in print, and supply a number of libraries both locally and around the world.

3. Strand Book Store - New York City, USA

The iconic storefront of the Strand Bookstore in New York City has stood there since 1927. Ajay Suresh. CC BY 2.0

This could not be a list of independent bookstores without including Strand Book Store, located in midtown Manhattan. Founded almost a century ago by the then twenty-five year old Ben Bass, the store takes its name from the famous London street frequented by writers like Charles Dickens and William Thackeray, among others. Today, the Strand is proudly the largest bookstore in New York City and carries over a whopping 2.5 million volumes as well as an impressive selection of literary themed merchandise from stickers and magnets to tote bags and onesies. For those on a budget, the pavement outside the store is lined with its famous dollar carts, although finding a reasonably priced gem inside the store is always an option as well. Alternatively, if you have run out of space on your bookshelf at home and are looking to refresh your library, the Strand will also be happy to help provide a new home for your books and will make you an offer in either cash or store credit. From fashion almanacs to the newest fiction bestsellers, the Strand quite literally has it all.

4. Epigram Books - Singapore

The iconic floor-to-ceiling bookshelf in Epigram only contains titles published or written by Singaporeans. Nicholas Tan. CC BY-SA 2.0

In addition to being a bookstore, Epigram Books is also an established independent publishing house in Singapore working to showcase local poets, playwrights, and authors. In fact, the bookstore did not open properly until late 2022 after existing as a pop-up store around the city for a year. Hailed by many as being the best and one of only a few purveyors of Singaporean and Southeast Asian narratives, locals often enjoy browsing their beautiful wooden shelves while enjoying a coffee by in-house baristas. In 2015, they launched the Epigram Books Fiction Prize which takes creative writing submissions from all over Southeast Asia. All of the books shortlisted for the annual prize are always made available front and center in the store, along with an incredible collection of literature published by other Singaporean houses. Epigram’s tagline, “Hold Singapore in Your Hands,” speaks to its goal of creating a space in the literary world for local talent—one of the tables in their store is reserved for authors and artists to chat with readers and help visitors find inspiration amongst the shelves.

5. El Ateneo Grand Splendid - Buenos Aires, Argentina

El Ateneo Grand Splendid is located in a converted theater built over a century ago. Lorena Vb. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

For those of you who love music just as much as books, El Ateneo Grand Splendid is the perfect destination. The building was first opened in 1919 as a theater for ballet, opera, tango, and musical performances with a seating capacity of over 1,000, but eventually became a bookstore in 2000 after a short stint as a recording studio and radio station. Many have named this incredible space “the world’s most beautiful bookstore” because of its intricate frescoes and gilded bookshelves, but the atmosphere inside El Ateneo is as warm and welcoming as your neighborhood bookshop. The café built on the stage of the grand hall offers coffee and pastries to visitors who simply want to sit back and admire the emporium’s Latin architecture, while those looking to purchase have access to thousands of books, CDs, DVDs, and more. While the space welcomes over a million people every year, the orchestra and mezzanine areas as well as the luxury boxes have been converted into quiet reading spaces where you can enjoy Argentina’s rich literary tradition and history.

6. Wuguan Books - Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

Navigating Wuguan Books can be tricky given the almost total lack of light in the store. Jonny Diamond. CC BY-SA 2.0

If you have ever been told not to judge a book by its cover, this store makes it hard to do much else. Located in an art center that used to be a warehouse, Wuguan Books immerses visitors in almost complete darkness with only dim yellow lights illuminating the covers, while a small handful of reading lights are scattered through the space. The design was carefully thought up and executed by award winning architect Chu Chih-kang, who wanted the books to feel as if they were floating, and fully committed to the atmosphere by using thick carpets to absorb the sounds of footsteps and dark shelves that melt into the background. The goal was to allow people to really focus on the books without any other sensory distractions, so visitors are also required to follow rules which prohibit flash photography or flashlights. The store also houses a coffee bar and sells a variety of other merchandise, but is only accessible to those over the age of 18 due to the sensitive topics covered by some of the books. In an age where Instagram worthy aesthetics are all the rage, the inability to digitally document this space only adds to its intimate setting.

7. Another Story Bookshop - Toronto, Canada

The colorful window display of Another Story showcases a small fraction of its diverse selection. Arden Wray. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Just over thirty years ago, local Torontonian Sheila Koffman founded Another Story Bookshop in the basement of a downtown building with the goal of putting “diverse books into diverse hands.” She sadly passed away in 2017, but her efforts to provide a platform for authors who were queer or people of color live on in the store’s new location in the Roncesvalles Village neighborhood and through its loyal employees. The prevailing theme of the store is social justice, which becomes evident from its wide selection of both fiction and non-fiction for young readers and more seasoned ones. In fact, half of the store’s inventory caters specifically to children, and they also provide books to a number of local schools. The staff put in effort to locate stories and titles that are not available elsewhere in order to ensure that marginalized narratives, including and especially those of indigenous peoples, are heard. The staff’s hard work to ensure that every book they carry has a message that is, in their best judgment, the best way to pay tribute to Sheila’s founding vision.

8. Libreria Acqua Alta - Venice, Italy

All of the books in Libreria Acqua Alta are stored in waterproof containers to keep them dry during high tide. a2zphoto. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Books and water typically do not mix, but the staff at the Libreria Acqua Alta in Venice have found a solution. The shop is located on an island in the middle of one of the city’s countless canals, and all of its precious books are stored in various waterproof bins, bathtubs, and even a full-sized gondola. True to its name which translates to “Library of High Water”, this innovation provides a safe sanctuary when the tide rises and water floods to a few inches in height. The store is fantastical in every way, with giant leather-bound volumes stacked haphazardly against the wall, ships’ wheels and other maritime gadgets scattered across the piles, and an entire staircase made of books. For those looking to make a literary purchase, the store has an amazing inventory of both new and secondhand books in a variety of languages as well as a large collection specifically about Venice. On the other hand, the store also offers a number of vintage souvenirs and is home to a handful of friendly cats for those who simply want to experience another bookstore heralded as among the most beautiful in the world.

Tanaya Vohra

6 Must-See Islands off the Coast of Chile

June 12, 2023

Traverse the natural gems and explore the historical sites of Chile’s outre-mer.

Penguins off the coast of Chiloe Island. Mary Madigan. CC BY 2.0.

One of the westernmost countries of South America, Chile has gained fame for its gorgeous mountains and fjords, its delicious street cuisine, the integral place futbol has in its people’s everyday life, and perhaps even its complex political history. The distinct cultural and travel experience the country offers does not apply only to its mainland, but also to the islands that surround it. In fact, Chile’s islands house some of the most individual and exclusive travel experiences and institutions:

1. Isla Magdalena

Off the coast of Isla Magdalena. Iamblukas. CC BY 2.0.

Isla Magdalena’s lush landscapes are home to everything from the circa 120,000 Magellanic penguins characteristic of southern South America, the National Monument for Penguins that explores and explains the members of this colony, and a magnificent view of the Strait of Magellan discovered by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. The Isla Magdalena Lighthouse, another landmark, also rests on the island and contains many exhibitions that detail its history and traditions. Travel to Isla Magdalena by public ferry or private speedboat (for about 2 hours) after a fruitful day on the Chilean mainland; the island is 608 sq mi.

2. Robinson Crusoe Island

A view of Robinson Crusoe Island’s mountains. Ashley Basil. CC BY 2.0.

Robinson Crusoe Island’s name comes from the titular Daniel Defoe protagonist and explorer who travels across the sea to a deserted island. Certainly, all visitors feel like explorers on Robinson Crusoe Island. Guests can snorkel or scuba dive along the island’s coral reefs, observe shipwrecks scattered across its coast, birdwatch, hike in the area’s luscious rainforests, visit ruins left from plundering pirates, and enjoy the local cuisine, especially the lobster. You can even partake in day-long fishing trips to score fresh lobsters! A ~2 hour flight from Santiago or an hour-long water taxi journey drops guests off at this adventure-filled island; the island is 18.5 sq mi in area.

3. Chiloé Island

A view from Ancud on Chiloé Island. Ik T. CC BY 2.0.

Chiloé Island’s landscape defines it: the Chiloé National Park highlights much of this breath-taking landscape with green terrain, rivers, lakes, and stunning forests. For those further intrigued by the island’s natural beauty, horseback riding around the island quenches the explorer’s thirst. But this island is not only a place of natural beauty; history remains an important part of Chiloé Island culture. The churches of Chiloé, mostly built in the 17th century and showcasing Spanish colonial design, are monuments to the island’s rich history. The Ancud Regional Museum (Museo Regional de Ancud) also puts much of the island’s history, its mythology, and its indigenous residents under the spotlight. As with many other Chilean islands, water sports like kayaking and fishing also contribute to the visitor experience. A circa 30-minute ferry ride across the Canal de Chacao drops guests off on Chiloé; the island is 3,241 sq mi.

4. Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego

Snow capped mountains of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. James St. John. CC BY 2.0.

South America’s largest island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, is part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago off the coast of the southernmost tip of South America. A ~2 hour ferry ride across the Strait of Magellan drops visitors off at this island first dubbed “Land of Smoke” by Ferdinand Magellan. Walk the footsteps of explorers like Ferdinand Magellan and Charles Darwin on Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego as you immerse yourself in the island’s spectacular flora, which includes many species of trees like the beech and conifer, and fauna the fauna of Parque Pinguino Rey (King Penguin Park) and the foxes, flamingos, and condors found all around the island’s mountains; the island is 18, 530 sq mi

5. Navarino

A view of the Dientes de Navarino Mountains. Dimitry B. CC BY 2.0.

Navarino, another island that is far south of the Magellan Strait, is a worthwhile travel destination for outdoorsy adventurers. Hikers will enjoy walking among the island’s snow capped mountains and fishers can discover a multitude of rivers and even high-altitude lakes. One of the most beautiful routes for active visitors is the Dientes de Navarino (Teeth of Navarino) Trek. This somewhat frightening name refers to Navarino’s mountains through which many travelers enjoy hiking. The culturally inclined can visit Puerto Williams, the island’s only town and the past residence of indigenous Yaghan people. Puerto Williams’ museums offer insights on the isle’s Yaghan past and its weighty and resonant history. Access to Navarino is available by a 30-minute boat ride from the port of Ushuaia; the island is 35.7 sq mi.

6. Riesco Island

A view of the Fitzroy Canal from Isla Riesco. Z_thomas. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Riesco Island’s must-see features range from Patagonian ranches to historical coal reserves. The bleating sounds ring across the island, while its cattle fields are still dominated by gauchos, or South American cowboys, and remain a sight to behold for those visitors who crave a distinctive cultural experience. The island, one of the largest islands in Chile and accessible from Patagonia through a 30-minute boat ride across the Fitzroy Canal, is also known for its coal reserves; in fact, coal mines such as the Invierno (winter) Mine, Magdalena, Elena, and Josefina are historical locations of note. Riesco sightseers should also watch out for glaciers lining Riesco’s coasts; the island is 1,970 sq mi.

Su Ertekin-Taner is a first year student at Columbia University majoring in creative writing. Her love for the power of words and her connection to her Turkish roots spills into her satire, flash fiction, and journalistic pieces among other genres. Su hopes to continue writing fearless journalism, untold stories, and prose inspired by her surroundings.

From Mento to Reggae: Jamaica's Vibrant Music Scene

June 12, 2023

Captivating melodies, profound stories, and deep cultural ties have woven a musical tapestry unique to the Caribbean nation.

In the early 1900s, Jamaican music underwent a transformative journey influenced by myriad cultural expressions. Rooted in the rich traditions of African folklore, Anansi stories of the eponymous trickster/spider god Anansi took center stage, captivating listeners with hypnotic chants to enchanting stories. Over time, these stories evolved into the rhythmic beats of digging signs sung by field workers, resonating with the experiences and unity of working-class Jamaicans. During the same period, ring tunes’ for kids and dancing tunes’ joyous melodies and communal spirit became an integral part of the music scene, encouraging lively community dances and bringing people together. Jamaica’s rhythmic interplay and narrative-driven art, the cultural influences of Anansi stories, digging sings and ring tunes played a pivotal role in shaping the evolving sounds of Jamaican music, laying the foundation for the genres that would continue to capture the people’s triumphs, struggles, and celebrations. The echoes of these musical styles reverberate from the early 1900s Jamaican music landscape, paving the way for the rhythmic revolutions of mento and ska and the profound social commentary of rocksteady and reggae from the 1940s-1960s.

Mento: A Time Capsule of Jamaican Life and Resilience

A painting of mento drummers. Mento2011 Fallmouth Jamaica

Born from a fusion of rhythms brought to the West Indies by enslaved West Africans, European musical traditions, and the Indigenous sounds of Jamaica's Taino people, the late 1940s birthed a vibrant expression of everyday life: mento. Mento vividly captured the spirit of Jamaican communities, offering a window into their triumphs and challenges through lively melodies and infectious rhythms, played on instruments like the banjo, guitar, and maracas. It became a testament to the indomitable spirit of the Jamaican people, celebrating their traditions and cultural identity.

Mento’s most outstanding achievement was laying the foundation for future genres. Specifically, its rhythms and energy paved the way for the revolutionary beats of ska in the 1950s, while its resilience and vibrancy found their way into the iconic reggae anthems, symbolizing Jamaican identity worldwide. Through mento, the rich roots of Jamaican folk music intertwined with the heritage of diverse influences, deciding with finality that music is for the people. Today, mento continues to captivate audiences connecting them to the vibrant past of the island.

Ska: A Joyful Revolution with a Powerful Beat

In the transformative 1950s, ska emerged as a genre that reflected the social and political upheaval of the time and became a catalyst for change. With its energetic tempo, infectious rhythms, and the unmistakable resonance of brass instruments, ska created a pulsating sound that swept a generation. Inspired by Jamaican mento and Trinidad and Tobago’s calypso, ska was a jubilant call to unity, a musical expression of the collective yearning for a better world.

As the vibrant ska beats enveloped the airwaves and dancehalls, it carried a profound message. Through its lyrics, ska shed light on the harsh realities of poverty, inequality, and discrimination that plagued Jamaican society. It served as a powerful voice, amplifying the concerns and struggles of the marginalized and disenfranchised. Yet, amidst the social challenges, ska embodied a spirit of resilience, hope, and determination. It became a unifying force, inspiring people to unite, rise above adversity, and strive for a more inclusive and equitable future.

Crowd at a live music event. Image by Yardie.

Rocksteady: The Soulful Bridge to Reggae

Between the exciting ska era and the rise of reggae lies the soulful interlude of rocksteady, a genre that left an indelible mark on Jamaica's musical landscape. In the mid-1960s, as the country underwent significant social and political shifts, among the most significant being political independence from the British Empire, rocksteady emerged as a musical bridge, connecting ska’s exuberance with reggae’s even more profound social commentary.

Rocksteady's distinct sound captivated listeners with smooth, melodic rhythms. Influenced by American soul and rhythm and blues, the genre introduced a slower tempo and more introspective grooves, reflecting the changing landscape of Jamaican society. Historically, rocksteady emerged when Jamaica was transitioning from its colonial past to a newfound sense of cultural identity and political consciousness. The smooth and soulful melodies of rocksteady expressed the Jamaican people’s evolving aspirations and struggles. It provided a platform for introspection, offering a sanctuary of musical solace amidst social and political transformations. Some rocksteady songs went on to become hits outside of Jamaica, as with ska, helping to secure the international base reggae music has today.

Reggae: A Cultural Anthem of Love, Unity, and Social Justice

Undoubtedly, the most renowned and internationally celebrated genre of Jamaican music is reggae. Born in the late 1960s against the backdrop of a dynamic Jamaican society, reggae emerged as a powerful and transformative force, both musically and culturally. It was a fusion of various influences, including mento, ska, rocksteady, R&B, and the religio-liberationary message of Rastafari, which came together to form a genre with a distinct sound and a profound global impact.

Reggae became the quintessential voice of Jamaica's cultural identity and pride. Its roots ran deep in the history and struggles of the Jamaican people, serving as a vessel for their collective experiences and aspirations. The soul-stirring messages of reggae spoke directly to the hearts and minds of listeners. Its lyrics, laden with social and political commentary, addressed love, unity, and social justice issues, offering a compelling call to action.

Reggae's global impact cannot be overstated. It has become synonymous with Jamaica, attracting audiences from around the world who resonate with its powerful messages and irresistible grooves. Reggae's cultural significance extends beyond music, influencing fashion, art, and of course social movements. Its legacy as a music of liberation and empowerment continues to inspire generations, reminding us of the power of music to transcend borders and ignite positive change.

Explore the world of Jamaican folk music, and immerse yourself in the pulsating energy of live performances at local clubs and music festivals, where the air is thick with the collective joy of dancing to the irresistible beats. More immediately, check out this playlist we created with some of our favorite Jamaican music.

Raeann is a traveler, digital storyteller, and guide writer, with a degree in Mass Communication & Media from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism. She is passionate about a/effective journalism and cultural exchange, and is an advocate of international solidarity and people's liberation. Her work at CATALYST focuses on reshaping the culture of travel and hospitality to be more ethically sound and sustainable.

CATALYST Summer Reading List

June 12, 2023

Books that will take you around the world, through a lens of travel and social action.

Summer has officially arrived, and CATALYST knows that our readers won’t just be flipping burgers on the grill or swimming at the beach. Here are 8 great travel and social action-oriented books for your summer reading.

1. Underjungle

James Sturz, author of the novel Sasso, is set to release another heavy-hitting thriller this August 2023: Underjungle. Underjungle tells the story of a group of predatory sea creatures called the yc who happen upon a human corpse near the seafloor. The plot unfolds as the ocean’s creatures begin to consider the effects of this corpse and a tale of grief and loss springs from the metaphysical narration. The novel is set deep underwater, inspired by Sturz’s own scuba diving career. As such, the book intrinsically promotes a protection of the treasures found where human eyes rarely see: the sea floor. Sturz’s new piece promises to enrapture the reader in all its fantastical, science fiction glory and its multidisciplinary approach: Sturz includes literary-philosophical and artistic elements, which are intertwined with the novel’s focus on marine science.

2. If I Survive You

Eight powerful, interconnected short stories that explore the complexities of cultural identity comprise Jonathan Escoffery’s If I Survive You. This work, which is a finalist for the 2023 Pen/Faulkner Award and was nominated for the 2023 Pen/Bingham Prize and the 2023 Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction, follows a protagonist named Trelawny as he navigates the American cultural landscape. The son of immigrant parents from Jamaica, Trelawny finds himself struggling to fit into society, a problem which is further exacerbated by Hurricane Andrew, the 2008 recession, and racism. The tale of Trelawny’s family is not one without hope, though, as all members fight to remain motivated and survive in America. Escoffery’s lyricism, use of humor, and incorporation of the second person take the wheel and bring the stories of If I Survive You to life. For readers seeking a dense read and one that promises a greater social consciousness, If I Survive You might be for you.

3. The Books of Jacob

Polish Nobel-prize winning author Olga Tokarczuk’s magnum opus, The Books of Jacob, is a dense, yet rewarding read. This 912-page book, first published in Poland in 2014, might be an entire summer sort of read, but its ambitious nature defines and enriches the narration. The Books of Jacob’s many awards, which include being named Best Book of the Year by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time, and The New Yorker, celebrate its power and scope. Tokarczuk’s ninth novel is a historical fiction piece that centers on the true figure, Jacob Frank, a Jew that traverses the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires in the 18th century, attracting followers and enemies with every turn. Perceived as a messiah, he leads his followers from Judaism, to conversion to Catholicism and ultimately to Islam. The mysterious, polarizing figure of Frank, based on a true historical figure, is examined and narrated by his supporters, enemies, and betrayers in separate segments of the book. The novel focuses on themes of identity–as Frank matures–and religion as well as what it means to redefine one’s religious identity.

4. The White Girl

A celebration of Aboriginal women and Indigenous voices, The White Girl was written by an Indigenous storyteller named Tony Birch. The Australian novelist condemns Australia’s racist post-colonial policies in The White Girl, which profoundly explores topics of Indigenous identity and threats to the Indigenous way of life. In the novel, Odette Brown, a Deane resident and Aboriginal, protects her fair-skinned granddaughter Sissy from authorities that threaten to separate them. The novel, set in the 1960s, elaborates on the challenges and threats encountered by the duo as well as their hope for the security of their future. The novel reminds readers of the Australian government’s policy of separating Indigenous children from their families (the Stolen Generations) while also inspiring kindness and a limitless love toward humanity.

5. Eleutheria

Allegra Hyde’s Eleutheria could be called a cli-fi novel, a neologism for the relatively new genre of climate fiction, if most of the events in the novel weren’t currently taking place. Hyde’s novel, declared a New Yorker Best Book of the Year, examines climate change from the perspective of Willa Marks, a young visionary hopeful for the future of the world despite the consistently rising ocean levels. Willa’s adventure to fight climate change takes her to the island of Eleutheria, where she reinvigorates a group of ecowarriors who inhabit the appropriately titled Camp Hope. Willa attempts to fulfill Camp Hope’s mission of fighting climate change. While the novel is set in the near future and alerts readers to the present climate crisis, it also tells the more personal story of a lost, naive individual trying to find an identity through her attachment to a cause.

6. When We Were Sisters

Although Fatimah Asghar’s gut-wrenching When We Were Sisters was just released in October 2022, the novel has won the Carol Shields Prize for Fiction and has been named one of the Best Books of the Year by The New Yorker, Time, PopSugar, and Vox. However, these awards cannot do justice to Asghar’s narration. The award-winning author examines the lives of three orphaned Muslim sisters who must raise and support one another. Each sister tackles the loss of their parents differently: Aisha grasps for a sense of family, the book’s narrator Kausar is consumed by grief while contemplating the concept of gender, and Noreen tries to assume the role of the mother. Each sister’s fully fleshed out plot brings sorrow to the reader but also allows them space for introspection. The reader will question what it means to be Muslim in America and the principles of sisterhood and family.

7. The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida

Sri Lankan author Shehan Karunatilaka’s second novel The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida, following his first humorous novel Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew, was an instant national bestseller and winner of the 2022 Booker Prize. The satirical piece is set in Sri Lanka in the 1980’s during the country’s multi-decade civil war, and follows deceased photographer Maali Almeida as he attempts to solve the case of his own death in seven moons. Although the novel focuses on Maali’s experience of the afterlife, the piece also includes much detail of Sri Lankan life during its civil war: suicide bombers, police suspects, and death squads litter the country. Using the second person, Karunatilaka offers a disturbing view of his country at war with itself, complete with vivid images of disturbing brutality, and yet one that is also fashioned with Karunatilaka’s gripping humor.

8. Black Cake

Charmaine Wilkerson’s debut novel Black Cake follows Byron and Benny’s attempt to solve the mystery of their mother Eleanor Bennett’s death. Eleanor’s two children must piece together the details of her death from an intriguing element of their inheritance: the family’s Caribbean black cake recipe. Throughout the novel, more family secrets and betrayals pop up; readers begin to wonder if the once-estranged siblings can find the truth about their lineage and how their family’s heirloom black cake fits into its inter-generational history. This New York Times bestselling novel expertly and beautifully analyzes the meaning of lineage, especially one riddled with important memories, and comments on the importance of exploring one’s own past back through the generations. Currently, Black Cake is also set to premiere on the screen as a Hulu original series.