7 Spectacular Global Theatres Stealing the Show

July 4, 2023

From Elizabethan Theatre to Peking Opera, these are 7 diverse storytelling formats that create awe-inspiring fusion of entertainment and ritual.

Peking Opera, the Legend of the White Snake. JS Dust. CC BY 2.0.

Theater stands out as an extraordinary art form that embodies the vibrant cultures spanning the globe. It not only boasts the distinction of being the oldest form of artistic expression but also captivates audiences by showcasing the essence of life and tradition. In the days preceding the advent of television and the internet, theater reigned supreme as a source of entertainment, and every aspect of it, from costumes to stage design, holds immense cultural significance. Whether we delve into the realms of renowned Greek and Shakespearean theater or venture into the lesser-known stages of India's Kathakali and Indonesia's Wayang Kulit, each theatrical masterpiece offers a profound and memorable experience.

1. Noh Theatre—Japan

Classical Japanese musical performance of Noh theater at the festival.Jim Epler. CC BY 2.0.

When exploring Japanese stage art, one’s imagination is often filled with vivid images of menacing masks, ritualistic movements, and enigmatic dialogues. Yet, these elements merely scratch the surface of Japanese performing art. Among them were the two prominent forms, Noh and Kabuki. The very term “Noh”, derived from the Japanese language, embodies the essence of “talent” and “skill.” Emerging as one of Japan’s oldest performing arts, Noh’s formalization took shape in the late 14th century, with roots in the traditional Kagura dances, a reverent homage to the gods for bountiful harvests. In stark contrast to Western theater, Noh does not have explicit plotlines, offering an abstract emotional experience. A single overpowering emotion such as jealousy, rage, or sorrow dominates the central character, portrayed through highly stylized performances. Symbolistic aesthetics play a crucial role, with distinct masks representing various character archetypes—Gods, Warriors, Women, the Deranged, and Demons. Noh explores themes of love, loss, aging, and the supernatural. UNESCO acknowledged Noh as a valuable intangible cultural heritage in 2001, solidifying its significance.

While many Noh plays are lost in history, nowadays, there are still around 200 captivating pieces that continue to enthrall audiences. Among them, “Atsumori” as a classic. This poignant tale unveils the tragic fate of Taira no Atsumori, a young warrior slain by Kumagai no Jiro Naozane during the Genpei War. As Kumagai, now a monk, revisits the battlefield, he encounters Atsumori's ghost. The story of Atsumori's demise is retold by a villager, leading to a confrontation where Atsumori realizes the absence of true enemies. Derived from the renowned “Tales of Heike,” depicting the intense struggles between the Taira and Minamoto clans, “Atsumori '' captivates Noh audiences.

2. Kathakali—India

Kathakali performance.Aleksandr Zykov. CC BY-SA 2.0.

India’s vibrant Kathakali theater enchants the senses with its dazzling array of colors, intricate costumes, and captivating dance performances. Born on the shores of Kerala over 300 years ago, Kathakali weaves together elements of dance, dramatic storytelling, and mythological traditions. Drawing inspiration from the intricate temple sculptures of the 16th century, the dance sequences in Kathakali often portray the distinct square and rectangular positions characteristic of that art form. The very term “Kathakali” signifies the art of storytelling through dance drama, and the narratives themselves have been passed down through generations via oral tradition. These tales are often related to deities, demons, and other mysterious characters.

To bring epic stories to life on stage, Kathakali performances are typically held outdoors on a bare stage, accompanied by seasoned musicians. The heartbeat of a Kathakali production lies in the rhythmic pulse of percussion instruments like the Chenda and the Maddalam, setting the stage for the unfolding drama. As the melodies intertwine with the beats, the actors, adorned in elaborate makeup, step into their roles — a process that takes several hours to complete. The distinctive makeup style enables the performers to communicate a range of emotions through codified facial expressions, meticulously synchronized with the sung verses known as “padams.” The music serves as the lifeblood, infusing each movement and gesture with depth and meaning.

One of the most beloved tales performed in Kathakali is “Nala Charitam,” derived from the Mahabharata. This epic story spans four nights, narrating the journey of King Nalan and his beloved Damayanthi. Advised by Sage Naradan, they face plots from Goddess Kali, leading to separation. However, a hunter rescues Damayanthi, while Nalan finds solace in Kosalam. With the assistance of Kesini, they reunite, reconcile misunderstandings, and rediscover happiness.

3. Greek Tragedy—Greece

Ancient Greek theater in Delos. Bernard Gagnon. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Greek tragedy, one of the world’s most renowned ancient performance arts, finds its origins in the sacred rituals of Dionysus, the god of pleasure, fertility, wine-making, ecstasy, and theater. Spanning from the late 6th century BCE, Greek tragedies delved into the tragic downfall of heroes due to their inherent flaws, incorporating a mix of spoken and sung narration along with divine interventions. Accompanied by the Greek chorus, the dramatic actors engaged in dialogue, typically in iambic tetrameters, a poetic meter consisting of three iambic units (unstressed-stressed syllable pairs) per line. This rhythmic structure infused the lines with a sense of cadence and harmony. The theater was accessible to the public, as the cost was kept low through subsidies provided by the polis, or city-state. Performances took place outdoors, featuring a chorus and three actors who portrayed all the roles. These plays were often staged in competitive settings, allowing the audience to vote for their favorite, reflecting the preferences and tastes of both the Greek elite and ordinary citizens.

Renowned playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides have left an enduring legacy with their masterpieces of Greek tragedy. One such opus is Sophocles’ “Oedipus Rex,” also known as “Oedipus the King.” This play, believed to have been performed between 430 and 426 BCE, stands as a pinnacle of achievement in classical Greek drama.The story revolves around the haunting concept of fate’s inevitability. Oedipus, the central character, finds himself bound by a prophecy that foretells his patricide and an incestuous union with his mother. Compelled by the prophecy, Oedipus is forced to abandon his home of Corinth, and unwittingly journey to Thebes. However, this pursuit comes with great suffering, as Oedipus inevitably faces hardship as a result. “Oedipus Rex” examines profound themes of fate and truth, captivating audiences with its exploration of human nature, forcing them to contemplate their inexorable destinies.

4. Elizabethan Theater—United Kingdom

Inside Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. Andrew_j_w.CC BY-SA 2.0.

When discussing theater, the name that immediately springs to mind is none other than William Shakespeare. However, it was the vibrant cultural landscape of Elizabethan theater that set the stage for Shakespeare’s glorious triumphs. One of the most significant accomplishments of this era was the establishment of professional acting groups, which mirrored the structure of modern-day theater and captivated audiences with their mesmerizing performances.

Scene from Winedale Shakespeare Festival.Ajleon. CC BY 2.0.

Shakespeare, undoubtedly the shining star of Elizabethan theater, embarked on his theatrical journey at an open-air playhouse in Shoreditch. It was a time when public playhouses were just beginning to emerge in the then-bustling London. Not only was Shakespeare an exceptional playwright, but he also graced the stage as a talented actor. He joined a renowned theater company and remained loyal to them throughout his illustrious career. During his remarkable tenure at The Globe Theatre, an iconic London venue where Shakespeare’s King’s Men theater company took center stage starting in 1599, debuting an extraordinary collection of over 30 plays that continue to hold a prominent place in world literature. Among his unparalleled creations are timeless tragedies like “Hamlet” and “Macbeth,” which have endured the test of time, captivating audiences with their profound exploration of human nature and themes of suffering, equivocation and remorse.

“The Tempest” embodies the essence of Shakespearean plays, blending tragedy, comedy and the transformative power of art to reflect the complexities of human existence within the grand collection of Elizabethan theater. The sorcerer Prospero, a master of illusion and manipulation, orchestrates a captivating tale of shipwrecks, revenge, and redemption on a mystical island. Amidst this magical turmoil, love blossoms, treachery unfurls, and forgiveness emerges triumphant. The play’s allure lies in its openness to diverse interpretations: is it an allegory of Shakespeare's farewell to the stage, or a reflection on European colonization of foreign lands?

5. Tango Theater—Argentina

Tango show in Buenos Aires. Audrey_sel. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Coming into its own in the late 19th century, Tango has its roots in the vibrant neighborhoods of La Boca in Buenos Aires and Montevideo, where a blend of European, African, and Argentine influences converged. This fusion of diverse cultures gave birth to a unique dance that tells stories of passion, longing, and resilience. In the heart of Buenos Aires, the Tango is more than just a dance; it is an art form that embodies the spirit of the city. From its early roots in small ensembles, such as the tango sextet, with piano, double bass, violins, to the larger tango orchestras, or guitars, drums, vocalists, and tango dancers, the Tango Theatre presents a diverse range of musical expressions. Here, the Tango comes alive, showcasing its elegance, sensuality, and emotional depth.

Tango’s journey is a testament to its enduring allure. Initially shunned by mainstream Argentine society as indecent, it found unexpected recognition and adoration in the upper-class circles of Paris, thanks to Argentine intellectuals who introduced it abroad. From there, the Tango quickly swept across Europe and the Americas. As it returned to its homeland, it evolved and transformed, reflecting the changing times and influences it encountered. Famous tango theaters, such as La Ventana in San Telmo, distinguishes itself from the rest by showcasing not only tango but also a rich array of folkloric music. This captivating show offers a well-rounded experience, featuring music and dance from various regions of the country. Many Tango folk styles, from the lively rhythms of chamame to the vibrant melodies of chacarera and Zamba, come from provinces like Salta and Santiago del Estero in the northern interior.

6. Wayang Kulit—Indonesia

Wayang kulit from Indonesien performed at Paris.Dalbera.CC BY 2.0.

In Indonesia, master puppeteers captivate audiences with mesmerizing stories in performances of Wayang Kulit, or shadow puppetry. Meticulously crafted from buffalo hide, the puppets boasted intricate designs that brought characters to life. Traditional oil lamps gave way to modern lighting, illuminating the stage and infusing the ancient spectacle with new magic. Inspired by Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, the performances transported spectators to mythological times. Wayang Kulit gave birth to other art forms, including three-dimensional puppets and wooden figures manipulated by rods. Through witty actions, puppeteers conveyed social and political criticisms, creating a legacy of cultural significance. Passed down through generations, Wayang Kulit wove together indigenous myths, Indian epics, and Persian heroes, forming a rich tapestry of folklore and tradition.

Yogyakarta, Wayang Kulit. Arian Zwegers. CC BY 2.0.

The ancient Ramayana takes center stage in the Wayang Kulit tradition. In a distant land, Prince Rama and the beautiful Princess Sita find themselves exiled to the depths of the forest. Amid the wilderness, an evil and cunning demon king named Ravana set his wicked eyes upon the exquisite Sita, devising a sinister plan to possess her. Upon discovering Sita's abduction, Rama's heartache turned into fierce determination. With unwavering courage, he embarked on a perilous journey to rescue his beloved princess. This epic battle between good and evil has become a timeless legend, celebrated through the artistry of Wayang Kulit, captivating audiences with its riveting storylines and masterful puppetry.

7. Peking Opera—China

Havoc in Heaven Peking Opera. Chenwen. CC BY 2.5.

China boasts a diverse array of over 300 opera types, and among the most celebrated is Peking Opera. Regarded as the pinnacle of Chinese art, Peking Opera has a remarkable history spanning 160 years. This captivating art form combines singing, acting, recitation, and martial arts to bring stories of history, society, and everyday life to the stage. The music of Peking Opera sets the rhythm and atmosphere, while the elaborate costumes and symbolic makeup vividly depict the personalities of the characters. Peking Opera is an art that is carefully passed down through generations via master-student training, ensuring the preservation of China's cultural heritage. Alongside Greek tragedy and Indian Sanskrit opera, it stands as one of the ancient operas of the world. Breaking free from the limitations of time and space, Peking Opera employs a unique style that blends reality and illusion, captivating audiences with stunning performances. For an authentic experience of this renowned opera, the Liyuan Theatre, located in Beijing’s Qianmen Hotel, offers a luxurious setting for up to 1000 viewers. The theater features a traditional stage where actors adorned in exquisite makeup bring the stories to life, immersing the audience in the captivating world of Peking Opera. It is an opportunity to witness the richness of Chinese culture and indulge in the beauty of this cherished art form.

One of the most significant plays in the Peking Opera tradition, “The Drunken Concubine,” is set in the Tang Dynasty, and its plot revolves around Yang Yuhuan, a beloved concubine of Emperor Xuanzong and one of ancient China's Four Beauties. The opera portrays the poignant love between the emperor and Yang. Through heartfelt lyrics, Yang expresses her emotions, symbolically embedding them onto the moon, as it rises above the island. The opera's moon-themed lyrics make it especially fitting to enjoy during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Despite cultural barriers, Peking Opera continues to captivate audiences worldwide. “The Drunken Concubine” has been performed in various countries, including Russia, Austria, and North Korea, demonstrating the art form’s international appeal.

From China’s Peking Opera to Indonesia’s Wayang Kulit, these vibrant performance arts create a magnificent fusion of entertainment and ritual. While this article highlights the emblematic theaters of specific countries, it is merely a glimpse into the vast treasure trove of world theater. Regardless of language or cultural variances, the power of storytelling resonates universally in the realm of theater, captivating audiences with its emotive depth and captivating beauty.

Hope is a Chinese international student at Wake Forest University in North Carolina studying sociology, statistics, and journalism. She dreams of traveling around the globe as a freelance reporter while touching on a wide range of social issues from education inequality to cultural diversity. Passionate about environmental issues and learning about other cultures, she is eager to explore the globe. In her free time, she enjoys cooking Asian cuisine, reading, and theater.

Indigenous Fashion is Redefining the Runway

June 28, 2023

The ‘I’ in BIPOC has remained largely absent in the fashion industry, until now.

Models pose at Vancouver Indigenous Fashion Week. Vogue. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Once restricted to the top floor ateliers and hidden workshops of century-old brands, the world of high fashion is increasingly public. As a trillion dollar industry, one would expect fashion to have more than enough space for designers from all backgrounds to create and show their art, but as is the case, the market remains dominated by a handful of ancient European and American household names. More recently, designers of color have begun to break onto the haute couture scene as the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), among other notable fashion institutions across the world have made a strong effort to increase the visibility of BIPOC designers. The one minority notably absent, however, are Indigenous designers whose designs and culture have been repeatedly appropriated for years by brands such as Victoria Secret, Caroline Herrera, and Loewe, among others.

The First Nations Fashion and Design runway show in 2021 only included First Nations models. Stefan Gosatti. CC BY-SA 2.0

While the American fashion scene is notably lacking an Indigenous presence, Canada and Australia both hold annual Fashion Week events solely dedicated to showcasing Indigenous designers and models. In fact, the latter received a lot of positive attention in 2021 for local brand First Nations Fashion and Design’s runway show, which consisted entirely of First Nations models wearing First Nations-made garments. The show included a number of live musical performances and was interspersed with various homages to the claim of First Nations peoples to Australian land, none of which are common occurrences in Australia’s Fashion Week. The audience, however, absolutely loved it: creative designer Grace Lillian Lee along with her CEO and co-designer Teagan Cowlishaw walked out at the end of the show to a standing ovation. According to Cowlishaw, the show was about “the movement of giving our land back to its rightful owners,” a theme common among other runway shows and fashion collections created by First Nations designers.

South Sudanese-Australian model Adut Akech was named Model of the Year in 2018. Hot in Juba. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

In parallel with this sudden increase in Indigenous fashion exploding onto the scene in the past few years, demand for models of First Nations heritage has also skyrocketed. This previously untapped pool of talent is finally receiving the attention it deserves, with Indigenous models appearing with increasing frequency in print ads, television commercials, and of course, on runways. Australian modeling agencies can’t seem to sign Indigenous models fast enough, which has created a space for agencies that only represent models of First Nations heritage. According to some, this shift began with the appearance of several South Sudanese-Australian models who have gone on to become internationally renowned, but were firstly instrumental in redefining Australian standards of beauty: tanned, blonde, and bikini-wearing hegemony has been pushed aside in favor of a much more diverse range of skin colors and body types. Thus began the growing presence of First Nations faces in fashion campaigns both in Australia, and now, across the world.

Designers on stage at the National Indigenous Fashion Awards Ceremony in 2022. NIFA. CC BY-NC 2.0

In order to further support the work of First Nations designers in Australia, the National Indigenous fashion Awards (NIFA) were launched in 2020 to celebrate the cultural diversity and traditions of First Nations artists and designers in fashion and textiles. The annual event presents awards in six different categories including a Community Collaboration Award and a Wearable Art Award, each of which aims to promote the ethical and sustainable production practiced by many First Nations designers, as well as highlight traditional textile manufacturing techniques. The winning designers receive monetary awards as well as educational opportunities both locally and abroad to further develop their skills. This year, the event will take place on August 9 in the Darwin region of Northern Australia, an area traditionally owned by the Larrakia people, an Aboriginal nation with a population of roughly 2,000. While nominations closed in April, anyone who visits the NIFA website when it opens again for next year will be able nominate their favorite brands and designers, from those catering exclusively to the haute couture market, to brands showcasing their wares on social media, so long as they are of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander heritage. In addition, NIFA is launching a new showcase tour initiative this year that will allow shortlisted nominees and winners of the 2023 awards to display their designs to the public at four convention centers across the country.

NIFA award-winner Philomena Yeatman pictured in her studio with one of her traditionally woven tapestries. NIFA. CC BY-NC 2.0

Among the past winners is 59 year old Esther Yarllarlla, an artist of the Kunibidji who has been practicing and perfecting her traditional weaving techniques for decades. The piece which won her the Traditional Adornment Award was commissioned by the Bábbarra Women’s Center — a mókko or traditional womenswear garment with an open back, but her work also includes delicately knotted bags woven from banyan tree fiber. Another expert weaver, Philomena Yeatman received the Textile Design Award in 2022 for fusing traditional palm fiber weaving techniques with modern materials to create beautiful tapestries that tell the stories of her people, the Yarrabah. By contrast, last year’s recipient of the Business Achievement Award was a First Nations-run organization called Clothing the Gaps which engages in various social action campaigns to diversify Australia’s fashion sector. Through their community of youth leaders and community advocates, the organization has built a large following both in person and on social media, and helped them to successfully reclaim the First Nations flag in a legal campaign that ended successfully in 2022.

The list goes on: each shortlisted and winning designer or artist has dedicated their lives to advancing their craft and sharing their culture with the wider Australian community. While there is undoubtedly still work to be done, the burgeoning First Nations presence in Australia’s fashion scene is setting a positive precedent for the road forward, championing appreciation instead of appropriation, and carving out a space for Indigenous designers around the world that should really have been there from the beginning. As the words splashed across the backdrop of that fateful runway show in 2021 announced, “This is not a moment. This is a movement.”

Tanaya Vohra

Tanaya is an undergraduate student pursuing a major in Public Health at the University of Chicago. She's lived in Asia, Europe and North America and wants to share her love of travel and exploring new cultures through her writing.

Eat for Under $15 at these 7 Global Cuisine Restaurants in NYC

June 20, 2023

Let your tastebuds travel without leaving the Big Apple.

Chinatown in New York City. Norbert Nagel. CC by 3.0.

Beyond its famous museums and fashion, New York City is recognized as the food capital of the United States. Every year foodies flock to the city’s restaurants for unique menus and interpretations of global cuisine. But this top-notch culinary environment typically comes—quite literally— with a price. New York restaurants are often criticized for their exorbitant prices. But fear not, there are plenty of restaurants in the city that offer authentic international cuisine for a reasonable price. Whether you are a college student on a budget or a lifelong fan of global cuisine looking for food made with a lot of love, these restaurants will leave both your stomach and your wallet happy.

1. Super Taste

Hand-Pulled Noodles with Lamb. Jason Lam. CC by 2.0.

Located in the famous culinary neighborhood of Chinatown, Super Taste may be the most well-known restaurant on this list. If you find yourself craving Chinese food, Super Taste is a classic, must-go stop. The most notable dish on the menu is their hand-pulled noodles. These silky and addictive noodles can be paired with chicken, beef, or mutton at the customer’s request. But if you aren’t in the mood for noodles, the five for $10 pork and chive dumplings drenched in sweet-spicy chili oil are always a crowd pleaser. Although there is limited seating inside, Super Taste is perfect for on-the-go enjoying. Their menu can be found here.

2. Pyza

Borscht topped with sour cream. Liz West. CC by 2.0.

Warm and delicious, Pyza serves Polish food so good it could be mistaken for a home-cooked meal. Located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, this restaurant specializes in plates piled high with food that makes you feel like family. Its menu features traditional dishes like stuffed cabbage, tongue in horseradish sauce, and various types of pierogies. A stand-out dish is their chicken cutlet, breaded and paired with a dollop of sour cream. Their soups range from a reasonable $5-$8, so tuck in with a bowl of borscht and enjoy the homey atmosphere. Additional items and prices can be found here.

3. Birria-Landia

Brooklyn location of Birria-Landia. Andre Carrotflower. CC by 4.0.

This Mexican spot may differ from most foodies’ perceptions of a typical restaurant. Instead of a usual sit-down experience, Birria-Landia started as a single Jackson Heights food truck. The operation has since expanded to include additional trucks in the Lower East Side, the Bronx, Jackson Heights, and Williamsburg. Their specialty dish, birria, features tacos topped with fresh cilantro and salsa paired with a rich, smooth dipping broth. The meat of the tacos—often beef—is first marinated in mixtures of spices and dried chillies before being cooked low and slow in broth. This lengthy process creates mouth-watering and juicy tacos that can be enjoyed for only $4.50. In addition to their exceptional tacos, their consummé broths, tostadas, and quesadillas can be found here.

4. Kassim’s Bakery

Aalu Roti. Guarav Dhwaj Khadka. CC by 4.0.

Whether you prefer your dishes savory or sweet, there is something for everyone at this Queens restaurant. Kassim’s serves a wide variety of Caribbean lunch and dinner foods, but also offers a tasty variety of pastries and baked goods. One of the menu’s highlights is the selection of roti; each variation of the dish is under $10. Roti is a wheat flatbread that at Kassim’s is paired with beef, chicken, duck, goat, and pachownie (innards of lamb). After finishing a main dish, customers can explore Kassim’s dessert menu. Their cassava pone is perfect for those with a sweet tooth; cassava, also called yuca, has an edible root often used to make starchy desserts. More of Kassim’s sweet and savory treats can be found here.

5. Punjabi Grocery & Deli

Samosas paired with chutney. K Spoddar. CC by 4.0.

Can you claim to have visited New York if you didn’t find yourself in a deli at some point during the trip? Although it also doubles as a grocery store, this Lower East Side joint’s Indian food makes it stand out. Even better, the deli only serves vegetarian food, making it the perfect spot for travelers with this dietary restriction. At only 50 cents, Punjabi Deli might have the most affordable Samosas in the city. They also offer an assortment of rice dishes where customers can mix and match different vegetable options to create the perfect bowl for only $6 or $8, depending on if you want a small or large meal. The $2 chai is a perfect way to wash everything down. More exciting dishes and beverages can be found here.

6. SVL Souvlaki Bar

Grilled kebabs. Glen Edelson. CC by 2.0.

From spanakopita to greek fries, SVL Souvlaki Bar combines tradition with innovation to create unique Greek food. They have two Queens locations, with one on Steinway Street and the other on Astoria Boulevard. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this quick and fresh spot is their “build your own” options. You can customize salads and bowls, or even create entire plates filled with pita, kebabs, vegetables, and sauces. Their iconic SVL sauce combines sweet, tangy, and creamy flavors— it is the perfect way to top off any customized dish. Or, if the extent of customization is intimidating, you can always enjoy classic chicken souvlaki kebab for only $4.50. Even better, the Bar’s food is made with hormone-free meat and fresh produce. Read more about their ingredients, mission, and menu here.

7. Bunna Cafe

Injera topped with assorted vegetables. Kurt Kaiser. CC by 2.0.

If you’re looking for more of a sit-down experience, Bunna Cafe is the perfect destination. They are a Black-owned and vegan Ethiopian restaurant located in Bushwick, Brooklyn. The restaurant’s family-style meal environment creates the perfect atmosphere for hearty food paired with good conversation. Scoops of vegetables are served in piles on injera, a fermented sourdough flatbread. Customers can select a variety of different sides, mixing to create new flavors and combinations. Or, if you’re dining alone, the $12 lunch special comes with individual scoops of four different items. Although, with such generous portions, you may want to bring a friend to share. Further details about their menu and strong variety of sides can be found here.

Carina Cole is a Media Studies student with a Correlate in Creative Writing at Vassar College. She is an avid journalist and occasional flash fiction writer. Her passion for writing overlaps with environmentalism, feminism, social justice, and a desire to travel beyond the United States. When she’s not writing, you can find her meticulously curating playlists or picking up a paintbrush.

6 Global Visions of the Afterlife

June 20, 2023

Journey through the kaleidoscope of cultural perspectives on death, from India's embrace of reincarnation to the haunting underworld of Greek myth.

Charon’s Obol, putting a coin within the deceased’s eyes as a symbolic fare across the lake of Styx in the ancient Greek underworld. Tim Pierce. CC BY 2.0.

Death, the inevitable destination for all living beings, holds different meanings in various cultures. For example, Egypt sees it as a gateway to a transformative journey, whereas India and Japan believe in ancestral worship and reincarnation. Regardless of the connotations, death reveals humanity's contemplation of life's purpose and respect for the natural world. Here, we delve into the interpretations of death in seven countries:

1. Egypt

Egyptian Mummy. Mamamusings. CC BY-SA 2.0

With a profound mythological heritage, the Egyptians held a deep belief in the afterlife, considering it a testament to the morality exhibited during one’s lifetime. They perceived death as a temporary interruption and acknowledged the importance of honoring the deity overseeing the realm of the deceased both before and after life on Earth. According to Egyptian beliefs, although the physical body may perish, the soul could transcend its mortal shell and embark on a journey to the afterlife. Mummification, a significant ritual, aimed to preserve the corpse, preventing its decay and ensuring its integrity in the realm beyond. The Egyptian concept of death, known as “Duat,” was envisioned as a five-point star encircled by the sun and stars. Within Duat existed mystical elements, including a lake of flames, enchanted trees, and formidable iron walls (perhaps mundane to modern people, but positively spectacular in the largely pre-iron Bronze Age!). Those who successfully traversed this treacherous realm could ascend as Akh spirits. However, this elevation came with two challenges: proving one’s innocence before 42 divine judges regarding their earthly life and undergoing the weighing of the heart against the feather of Ma’at, symbolizing truth and justice. Wrongdoings in life carried weight, making the heart heavier than the feather. While the true complexity of ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs surpasses this narrative, it captures the essence of their profound worldview.

2. Japan

The Obon festival. Cacophotography. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

In Japan, the perception of the afterlife emerges from the interplay between Shinto and Buddhist beliefs. The Japanese understanding of the soul, referred to as Reikon, entails its departure from the physical body upon death to reunite with ancestors. This cultural foundation has fostered a strong ancestral worship tradition, wherein children are entrusted with the responsibility of honoring their parents and forebears through extensive rituals and offerings throughout their lives. By diligently fulfilling these obligations, individuals gain protection against malevolent forces. The Obon festival exemplifies this reverence, with chochin lanterns illuminating the graves of departed family members, guiding their spirits back to the household altars. As death gradually loses its mystique in Japanese society, attitudes have evolved, becoming more open and innovative. Notably, companies like Ginga Stage offer unique services such as launching the ashes of the deceased into space and scattering them in the ocean.

3. Mexico

Day of the Dead Altar. Señor Codo.CC BY-SA 2.0.

Mexican cultural practices around death are most famous for the vibrant commemoration known as the “Day of the Dead”. While the visually stunning and emotionally touching portrayal of the Land of the Afterlife in the 2017 film “Coco” received tremendous acclaim, the actual celebration surpasses its depiction. From October 27th to November 1st, during the “Day of the Dead,” altars adorned with offerings can be found throughout plazas. October 31 marks the opening of the gates of heaven for the spirits of departed children, while November 1 is dedicated to adult spirits reuniting with their families. Mexico wholeheartedly revels in the festivities of the Day of the Dead. Elaborate altars, intricately designed sugar skulls, and vibrant symbols represent this internationally recognized event.

Day of the Dead makeup. Robert Couse-Baker. CC BY 2.0.

La Catrina, a revered figure representing the perpetual cycle of life, stands as an indispensable icon during the Day of the Dead festivities, often brought to life through elaborate skull-like face paintings. Rather than succumb to sorrow over life’s end, Mexicans embrace death as an inseparable aspect woven into the intricate tapestry of existence.

4. India

Puja,a Hinduism ritual , held in Dashashwamedh Ghat. Ganges. Franx. CC BY-NC 2.0.

At the core of India’s perspective on death is the concept of reincarnation, the cycle of rebirth and renewal known as samsara in Sanskrit. Reincarnation serves as a common thread among Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, some of the most prevalent native religions in India. The destiny of one’s subsequent life is determined by their actions, known as karma, throughout their current lifetime. Karma dictates the form into which the departed individual will be reborn. Leading a virtuous life in accordance with the spiritual teachings of sacred texts paves the way to moksha, liberation from the perpetual cycle of birth and death. Regarding the afterlife, Hindus believe in the existence of seven realms, encompassing both higher and lower planes. The righteous ascend to the upper realms, where they are rewarded for their virtuous deeds and subsequently reborn as human beings. On the other hand, those who have committed evil deeds descend to the lower realms, enduring suffering and taking birth as lower beings, such as animals and insects.

5. Greece

The imaginary vestibule of Hades. Maxwell Hamilton.CC BY 2.0.

In the realm of Greek mythology, the underworld is governed by the fearsome duo of Hades and Persephone. Described in the Odyssey as a somber expanse encircled by the Acherusia Lake and traversed by three rivers—Styx, Kokytos (Cocytus), and Pyriphlegethon—it is the shadowy abode where most souls are believed to dwell after death. While some may perceive it as akin to a realm of torment, the Greek notion of heaven lacks a deity personifying its ethereal domains. In contrast, Hades presides over the underworld with a sense of justice tinged with cruelty. A figure so formidable that uttering his name struck fear in the hearts of many Ancient Greeks, he subjects the departed to moral judgment, where heroes may revel in rewards while villains endure the agonizing consequences of their deeds. For ordinary mortals, the passing of their souls is believed to involve a departure from their physical forms. It was the solemn duty of women to carefully dress and clean the lifeless bodies, adorning them in humble garments and placing a coin within the deceased’s eyes as fare to pay for their passage across the enigmatic River Styx into the vast underworld. At the break of dawn, the departed soul is borne away upon the back of a noble steed, embarking on a somber journey towards their final resting place.

6. Sweden

Illustration of Ragnarok. Louis Moe.C BY-SA 4.0.

Deeply interwoven within the fabric of Norse mythology, the Vikings held a faith in the existence of Valhalla—an ethereal realm reserved exclusively for those valiant warriors who, through their unwavering courage, had carved a path of honor upon the battlefield. Battle-hardened Vikings aspired to secure their rightful place in Valhalla through honorable deaths in combat. Once admitted to this hallowed sanctuary, known as the dwelling of the Einherjar, the fallen warriors did not languish in lifeless repose. Instead, they fervently engaged themselves in preparations for the impending Ragnarok, the final battle between the mighty Gods of Asgard and the frost giants. Such epic clashes have since become a recurring theme in the realms of video games and movies, captivating the imaginations of countless enthusiasts.

In the myriad perspectives on death across the globe, its significance is similar to that of life itself. Amid the tumultuous tides of change happening in the world these days, bidding a proper farewell remains an immensely pertinent subject. The imagery of heaven, a sanctuary for the virtuous, and hell, a place of punishment for the malevolent, is just one of many ways cultures have conceptualized an afterlife both past and present. The commemoration and even celebration of death can rival the jubilation accorded to the birth of a new life.

8 Independent Bookstores From Around the World

June 12, 2023

From shiny cafés to ancient theaters, here are some of the best independent bookstores to put on your travel list.

With more people ordering books online, it is more important than ever to support independent booksellers. jmm. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

For those of you that never travel without a book, or always finish the one you bring on the plane, this list of independent bookstores around the world could inspire you to make a reading detour on your next trip. While floor to ceiling bookshelves are the norm on this list, each shop has its own unique character, history, and traditions. Most importantly, they all boast an impressive selection of literature, some showcasing fresh local talent while others house rare ancient gems.

1. Topping & Company Booksellers - Edinburgh, Scotland

Located at the base of Edinburgh’s Calton Hill, Topping & Company Booksellers houses a massive selection of literature. Edinburgh News. CC BY-NC 2.0

The first Topping & Company bookshop opened in the town of Ely back in 2002, but the newest addition to the independently owned chain is one of the largest in the UK. The Edinburgh branch opened in 2019 and houses three floors of handcrafted floor-to-ceiling bookshelves and over 70,000 individual volumes, drawing in readers of all ages and interests. Their first floor has an impressive display of valuable rare and signed editions of various books, while the upstairs areas are split into specific genres ranging from award winning fiction to business and economics. Readers can use the signature Topping sliding ladders to grab a book off of the top shelves, or settle down into one of the many reading nooks scattered throughout the store to enjoy free servings of tea and biscuits. The store also holds a number of events throughout the year, hosting both established authors and rising stars, making it one of the premier literary hubs in Edinburgh.

2. Clarke’s Bookshop - Cape Town, South Africa

The facade of Clarke’s Bookshop on Long Street is favorite amongst locals who have been visiting for decades. Clarke’s Bookshop. CC BY-SA 2.0

Established back in 1957 as a secondhand bookstore by local Anthony Clarke, Clarke’s Bookshop is one of the longest running independent booksellers in South Africa. During the Apartheid Era, reading material was heavily censored by the country’s white supremacist regime and books deemed controversial often had to be smuggled in. Clarke’s was one of the few places that offered customers a wide variety of genres at an affordable price, and continues to live up to this legacy of intellectual tolerance today. While they still carry a large selection of previously used volumes, the shop began to specialize in African and South African specific works in the 1970s and has grown its collection exponentially since then. The store’s focus is to uplift South African stories and authors, with two entire floors dedicated to Africana works written by emerging South African authors. Clarke’s also has an impressive collection of rare texts that are no longer in print, and supply a number of libraries both locally and around the world.

3. Strand Book Store - New York City, USA

The iconic storefront of the Strand Bookstore in New York City has stood there since 1927. Ajay Suresh. CC BY 2.0

This could not be a list of independent bookstores without including Strand Book Store, located in midtown Manhattan. Founded almost a century ago by the then twenty-five year old Ben Bass, the store takes its name from the famous London street frequented by writers like Charles Dickens and William Thackeray, among others. Today, the Strand is proudly the largest bookstore in New York City and carries over a whopping 2.5 million volumes as well as an impressive selection of literary themed merchandise from stickers and magnets to tote bags and onesies. For those on a budget, the pavement outside the store is lined with its famous dollar carts, although finding a reasonably priced gem inside the store is always an option as well. Alternatively, if you have run out of space on your bookshelf at home and are looking to refresh your library, the Strand will also be happy to help provide a new home for your books and will make you an offer in either cash or store credit. From fashion almanacs to the newest fiction bestsellers, the Strand quite literally has it all.

4. Epigram Books - Singapore

The iconic floor-to-ceiling bookshelf in Epigram only contains titles published or written by Singaporeans. Nicholas Tan. CC BY-SA 2.0

In addition to being a bookstore, Epigram Books is also an established independent publishing house in Singapore working to showcase local poets, playwrights, and authors. In fact, the bookstore did not open properly until late 2022 after existing as a pop-up store around the city for a year. Hailed by many as being the best and one of only a few purveyors of Singaporean and Southeast Asian narratives, locals often enjoy browsing their beautiful wooden shelves while enjoying a coffee by in-house baristas. In 2015, they launched the Epigram Books Fiction Prize which takes creative writing submissions from all over Southeast Asia. All of the books shortlisted for the annual prize are always made available front and center in the store, along with an incredible collection of literature published by other Singaporean houses. Epigram’s tagline, “Hold Singapore in Your Hands,” speaks to its goal of creating a space in the literary world for local talent—one of the tables in their store is reserved for authors and artists to chat with readers and help visitors find inspiration amongst the shelves.

5. El Ateneo Grand Splendid - Buenos Aires, Argentina

El Ateneo Grand Splendid is located in a converted theater built over a century ago. Lorena Vb. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

For those of you who love music just as much as books, El Ateneo Grand Splendid is the perfect destination. The building was first opened in 1919 as a theater for ballet, opera, tango, and musical performances with a seating capacity of over 1,000, but eventually became a bookstore in 2000 after a short stint as a recording studio and radio station. Many have named this incredible space “the world’s most beautiful bookstore” because of its intricate frescoes and gilded bookshelves, but the atmosphere inside El Ateneo is as warm and welcoming as your neighborhood bookshop. The café built on the stage of the grand hall offers coffee and pastries to visitors who simply want to sit back and admire the emporium’s Latin architecture, while those looking to purchase have access to thousands of books, CDs, DVDs, and more. While the space welcomes over a million people every year, the orchestra and mezzanine areas as well as the luxury boxes have been converted into quiet reading spaces where you can enjoy Argentina’s rich literary tradition and history.

6. Wuguan Books - Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

Navigating Wuguan Books can be tricky given the almost total lack of light in the store. Jonny Diamond. CC BY-SA 2.0

If you have ever been told not to judge a book by its cover, this store makes it hard to do much else. Located in an art center that used to be a warehouse, Wuguan Books immerses visitors in almost complete darkness with only dim yellow lights illuminating the covers, while a small handful of reading lights are scattered through the space. The design was carefully thought up and executed by award winning architect Chu Chih-kang, who wanted the books to feel as if they were floating, and fully committed to the atmosphere by using thick carpets to absorb the sounds of footsteps and dark shelves that melt into the background. The goal was to allow people to really focus on the books without any other sensory distractions, so visitors are also required to follow rules which prohibit flash photography or flashlights. The store also houses a coffee bar and sells a variety of other merchandise, but is only accessible to those over the age of 18 due to the sensitive topics covered by some of the books. In an age where Instagram worthy aesthetics are all the rage, the inability to digitally document this space only adds to its intimate setting.

7. Another Story Bookshop - Toronto, Canada

The colorful window display of Another Story showcases a small fraction of its diverse selection. Arden Wray. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Just over thirty years ago, local Torontonian Sheila Koffman founded Another Story Bookshop in the basement of a downtown building with the goal of putting “diverse books into diverse hands.” She sadly passed away in 2017, but her efforts to provide a platform for authors who were queer or people of color live on in the store’s new location in the Roncesvalles Village neighborhood and through its loyal employees. The prevailing theme of the store is social justice, which becomes evident from its wide selection of both fiction and non-fiction for young readers and more seasoned ones. In fact, half of the store’s inventory caters specifically to children, and they also provide books to a number of local schools. The staff put in effort to locate stories and titles that are not available elsewhere in order to ensure that marginalized narratives, including and especially those of indigenous peoples, are heard. The staff’s hard work to ensure that every book they carry has a message that is, in their best judgment, the best way to pay tribute to Sheila’s founding vision.

8. Libreria Acqua Alta - Venice, Italy

All of the books in Libreria Acqua Alta are stored in waterproof containers to keep them dry during high tide. a2zphoto. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Books and water typically do not mix, but the staff at the Libreria Acqua Alta in Venice have found a solution. The shop is located on an island in the middle of one of the city’s countless canals, and all of its precious books are stored in various waterproof bins, bathtubs, and even a full-sized gondola. True to its name which translates to “Library of High Water”, this innovation provides a safe sanctuary when the tide rises and water floods to a few inches in height. The store is fantastical in every way, with giant leather-bound volumes stacked haphazardly against the wall, ships’ wheels and other maritime gadgets scattered across the piles, and an entire staircase made of books. For those looking to make a literary purchase, the store has an amazing inventory of both new and secondhand books in a variety of languages as well as a large collection specifically about Venice. On the other hand, the store also offers a number of vintage souvenirs and is home to a handful of friendly cats for those who simply want to experience another bookstore heralded as among the most beautiful in the world.

Tanaya Vohra

From Mento to Reggae: Jamaica's Vibrant Music Scene

June 12, 2023

Captivating melodies, profound stories, and deep cultural ties have woven a musical tapestry unique to the Caribbean nation.

In the early 1900s, Jamaican music underwent a transformative journey influenced by myriad cultural expressions. Rooted in the rich traditions of African folklore, Anansi stories of the eponymous trickster/spider god Anansi took center stage, captivating listeners with hypnotic chants to enchanting stories. Over time, these stories evolved into the rhythmic beats of digging signs sung by field workers, resonating with the experiences and unity of working-class Jamaicans. During the same period, ring tunes’ for kids and dancing tunes’ joyous melodies and communal spirit became an integral part of the music scene, encouraging lively community dances and bringing people together. Jamaica’s rhythmic interplay and narrative-driven art, the cultural influences of Anansi stories, digging sings and ring tunes played a pivotal role in shaping the evolving sounds of Jamaican music, laying the foundation for the genres that would continue to capture the people’s triumphs, struggles, and celebrations. The echoes of these musical styles reverberate from the early 1900s Jamaican music landscape, paving the way for the rhythmic revolutions of mento and ska and the profound social commentary of rocksteady and reggae from the 1940s-1960s.

Mento: A Time Capsule of Jamaican Life and Resilience

A painting of mento drummers. Mento2011 Fallmouth Jamaica

Born from a fusion of rhythms brought to the West Indies by enslaved West Africans, European musical traditions, and the Indigenous sounds of Jamaica's Taino people, the late 1940s birthed a vibrant expression of everyday life: mento. Mento vividly captured the spirit of Jamaican communities, offering a window into their triumphs and challenges through lively melodies and infectious rhythms, played on instruments like the banjo, guitar, and maracas. It became a testament to the indomitable spirit of the Jamaican people, celebrating their traditions and cultural identity.

Mento’s most outstanding achievement was laying the foundation for future genres. Specifically, its rhythms and energy paved the way for the revolutionary beats of ska in the 1950s, while its resilience and vibrancy found their way into the iconic reggae anthems, symbolizing Jamaican identity worldwide. Through mento, the rich roots of Jamaican folk music intertwined with the heritage of diverse influences, deciding with finality that music is for the people. Today, mento continues to captivate audiences connecting them to the vibrant past of the island.

Ska: A Joyful Revolution with a Powerful Beat

In the transformative 1950s, ska emerged as a genre that reflected the social and political upheaval of the time and became a catalyst for change. With its energetic tempo, infectious rhythms, and the unmistakable resonance of brass instruments, ska created a pulsating sound that swept a generation. Inspired by Jamaican mento and Trinidad and Tobago’s calypso, ska was a jubilant call to unity, a musical expression of the collective yearning for a better world.

As the vibrant ska beats enveloped the airwaves and dancehalls, it carried a profound message. Through its lyrics, ska shed light on the harsh realities of poverty, inequality, and discrimination that plagued Jamaican society. It served as a powerful voice, amplifying the concerns and struggles of the marginalized and disenfranchised. Yet, amidst the social challenges, ska embodied a spirit of resilience, hope, and determination. It became a unifying force, inspiring people to unite, rise above adversity, and strive for a more inclusive and equitable future.

Crowd at a live music event. Image by Yardie.

Rocksteady: The Soulful Bridge to Reggae

Between the exciting ska era and the rise of reggae lies the soulful interlude of rocksteady, a genre that left an indelible mark on Jamaica's musical landscape. In the mid-1960s, as the country underwent significant social and political shifts, among the most significant being political independence from the British Empire, rocksteady emerged as a musical bridge, connecting ska’s exuberance with reggae’s even more profound social commentary.

Rocksteady's distinct sound captivated listeners with smooth, melodic rhythms. Influenced by American soul and rhythm and blues, the genre introduced a slower tempo and more introspective grooves, reflecting the changing landscape of Jamaican society. Historically, rocksteady emerged when Jamaica was transitioning from its colonial past to a newfound sense of cultural identity and political consciousness. The smooth and soulful melodies of rocksteady expressed the Jamaican people’s evolving aspirations and struggles. It provided a platform for introspection, offering a sanctuary of musical solace amidst social and political transformations. Some rocksteady songs went on to become hits outside of Jamaica, as with ska, helping to secure the international base reggae music has today.

Reggae: A Cultural Anthem of Love, Unity, and Social Justice

Undoubtedly, the most renowned and internationally celebrated genre of Jamaican music is reggae. Born in the late 1960s against the backdrop of a dynamic Jamaican society, reggae emerged as a powerful and transformative force, both musically and culturally. It was a fusion of various influences, including mento, ska, rocksteady, R&B, and the religio-liberationary message of Rastafari, which came together to form a genre with a distinct sound and a profound global impact.

Reggae became the quintessential voice of Jamaica's cultural identity and pride. Its roots ran deep in the history and struggles of the Jamaican people, serving as a vessel for their collective experiences and aspirations. The soul-stirring messages of reggae spoke directly to the hearts and minds of listeners. Its lyrics, laden with social and political commentary, addressed love, unity, and social justice issues, offering a compelling call to action.

Reggae's global impact cannot be overstated. It has become synonymous with Jamaica, attracting audiences from around the world who resonate with its powerful messages and irresistible grooves. Reggae's cultural significance extends beyond music, influencing fashion, art, and of course social movements. Its legacy as a music of liberation and empowerment continues to inspire generations, reminding us of the power of music to transcend borders and ignite positive change.

Explore the world of Jamaican folk music, and immerse yourself in the pulsating energy of live performances at local clubs and music festivals, where the air is thick with the collective joy of dancing to the irresistible beats. More immediately, check out this playlist we created with some of our favorite Jamaican music.

Raeann is a traveler, digital storyteller, and guide writer, with a degree in Mass Communication & Media from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism. She is passionate about a/effective journalism and cultural exchange, and is an advocate of international solidarity and people's liberation. Her work at CATALYST focuses on reshaping the culture of travel and hospitality to be more ethically sound and sustainable.

CATALYST Summer Reading List

June 12, 2023

Books that will take you around the world, through a lens of travel and social action.

Summer has officially arrived, and CATALYST knows that our readers won’t just be flipping burgers on the grill or swimming at the beach. Here are 8 great travel and social action-oriented books for your summer reading.

1. Underjungle

James Sturz, author of the novel Sasso, is set to release another heavy-hitting thriller this August 2023: Underjungle. Underjungle tells the story of a group of predatory sea creatures called the yc who happen upon a human corpse near the seafloor. The plot unfolds as the ocean’s creatures begin to consider the effects of this corpse and a tale of grief and loss springs from the metaphysical narration. The novel is set deep underwater, inspired by Sturz’s own scuba diving career. As such, the book intrinsically promotes a protection of the treasures found where human eyes rarely see: the sea floor. Sturz’s new piece promises to enrapture the reader in all its fantastical, science fiction glory and its multidisciplinary approach: Sturz includes literary-philosophical and artistic elements, which are intertwined with the novel’s focus on marine science.

2. If I Survive You

Eight powerful, interconnected short stories that explore the complexities of cultural identity comprise Jonathan Escoffery’s If I Survive You. This work, which is a finalist for the 2023 Pen/Faulkner Award and was nominated for the 2023 Pen/Bingham Prize and the 2023 Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction, follows a protagonist named Trelawny as he navigates the American cultural landscape. The son of immigrant parents from Jamaica, Trelawny finds himself struggling to fit into society, a problem which is further exacerbated by Hurricane Andrew, the 2008 recession, and racism. The tale of Trelawny’s family is not one without hope, though, as all members fight to remain motivated and survive in America. Escoffery’s lyricism, use of humor, and incorporation of the second person take the wheel and bring the stories of If I Survive You to life. For readers seeking a dense read and one that promises a greater social consciousness, If I Survive You might be for you.

3. The Books of Jacob

Polish Nobel-prize winning author Olga Tokarczuk’s magnum opus, The Books of Jacob, is a dense, yet rewarding read. This 912-page book, first published in Poland in 2014, might be an entire summer sort of read, but its ambitious nature defines and enriches the narration. The Books of Jacob’s many awards, which include being named Best Book of the Year by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time, and The New Yorker, celebrate its power and scope. Tokarczuk’s ninth novel is a historical fiction piece that centers on the true figure, Jacob Frank, a Jew that traverses the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires in the 18th century, attracting followers and enemies with every turn. Perceived as a messiah, he leads his followers from Judaism, to conversion to Catholicism and ultimately to Islam. The mysterious, polarizing figure of Frank, based on a true historical figure, is examined and narrated by his supporters, enemies, and betrayers in separate segments of the book. The novel focuses on themes of identity–as Frank matures–and religion as well as what it means to redefine one’s religious identity.

4. The White Girl

A celebration of Aboriginal women and Indigenous voices, The White Girl was written by an Indigenous storyteller named Tony Birch. The Australian novelist condemns Australia’s racist post-colonial policies in The White Girl, which profoundly explores topics of Indigenous identity and threats to the Indigenous way of life. In the novel, Odette Brown, a Deane resident and Aboriginal, protects her fair-skinned granddaughter Sissy from authorities that threaten to separate them. The novel, set in the 1960s, elaborates on the challenges and threats encountered by the duo as well as their hope for the security of their future. The novel reminds readers of the Australian government’s policy of separating Indigenous children from their families (the Stolen Generations) while also inspiring kindness and a limitless love toward humanity.

5. Eleutheria

Allegra Hyde’s Eleutheria could be called a cli-fi novel, a neologism for the relatively new genre of climate fiction, if most of the events in the novel weren’t currently taking place. Hyde’s novel, declared a New Yorker Best Book of the Year, examines climate change from the perspective of Willa Marks, a young visionary hopeful for the future of the world despite the consistently rising ocean levels. Willa’s adventure to fight climate change takes her to the island of Eleutheria, where she reinvigorates a group of ecowarriors who inhabit the appropriately titled Camp Hope. Willa attempts to fulfill Camp Hope’s mission of fighting climate change. While the novel is set in the near future and alerts readers to the present climate crisis, it also tells the more personal story of a lost, naive individual trying to find an identity through her attachment to a cause.

6. When We Were Sisters

Although Fatimah Asghar’s gut-wrenching When We Were Sisters was just released in October 2022, the novel has won the Carol Shields Prize for Fiction and has been named one of the Best Books of the Year by The New Yorker, Time, PopSugar, and Vox. However, these awards cannot do justice to Asghar’s narration. The award-winning author examines the lives of three orphaned Muslim sisters who must raise and support one another. Each sister tackles the loss of their parents differently: Aisha grasps for a sense of family, the book’s narrator Kausar is consumed by grief while contemplating the concept of gender, and Noreen tries to assume the role of the mother. Each sister’s fully fleshed out plot brings sorrow to the reader but also allows them space for introspection. The reader will question what it means to be Muslim in America and the principles of sisterhood and family.

7. The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida

Sri Lankan author Shehan Karunatilaka’s second novel The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida, following his first humorous novel Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew, was an instant national bestseller and winner of the 2022 Booker Prize. The satirical piece is set in Sri Lanka in the 1980’s during the country’s multi-decade civil war, and follows deceased photographer Maali Almeida as he attempts to solve the case of his own death in seven moons. Although the novel focuses on Maali’s experience of the afterlife, the piece also includes much detail of Sri Lankan life during its civil war: suicide bombers, police suspects, and death squads litter the country. Using the second person, Karunatilaka offers a disturbing view of his country at war with itself, complete with vivid images of disturbing brutality, and yet one that is also fashioned with Karunatilaka’s gripping humor.

8. Black Cake

Charmaine Wilkerson’s debut novel Black Cake follows Byron and Benny’s attempt to solve the mystery of their mother Eleanor Bennett’s death. Eleanor’s two children must piece together the details of her death from an intriguing element of their inheritance: the family’s Caribbean black cake recipe. Throughout the novel, more family secrets and betrayals pop up; readers begin to wonder if the once-estranged siblings can find the truth about their lineage and how their family’s heirloom black cake fits into its inter-generational history. This New York Times bestselling novel expertly and beautifully analyzes the meaning of lineage, especially one riddled with important memories, and comments on the importance of exploring one’s own past back through the generations. Currently, Black Cake is also set to premiere on the screen as a Hulu original series.

Su Ertekin-Taner is a first year student at Columbia University majoring in creative writing. Her love for the power of words and her connection to her Turkish roots spills into her satire, flash fiction, and journalistic pieces among other genres. Su hopes to continue writing fearless journalism, untold stories, and prose inspired by her surroundings.

Africa’s History Before Colonialism

May 3, 2023

Africa saw the rise and fall of diverse societies, cultures, and civilizations that thrived long before colonization.

Africa as a continent is of great diversity and complexity, with a rich history that spans millennia. It has seen ancient civilizations advance agriculture, science, technology, and political systems, all of it predating the European colonial era. However, the impact of colonialism on the continent cannot be ignored. Colonialism has distorted the development and history of Africa as we know it today. From the arbitrary borders drawn by European powers to political instability in certain regions, Africa has had to navigate numerous challenges. Despite this, Africa’s story is one not of despair but of resilience and hope. Nor does it begin with these themes; it has always been a vibrant and dynamic continent.

As we explore Africa’s past, it is essential to remember that no single narrative can capture an entire continent’s complexity. Instead, we must approach each story with an open mind, ready to learn from the diverse perspectives and experiences that make Africa the remarkable place it is today.

It is a continent home to many different cultures, beliefs, traditions, kingdoms, empires, and visionaries. It is rich with mineral red soil and oceans as blue as sapphires. It is a continent where the rhythmic beats from djembe drums reverberate across the nation for all ears to hear. It is a continent with traditions ancient and beloved by many. It is a peaceful continent that many people call home. The story of pre-colonial Africa has been kept hidden, but it deserves to be uncovered for all its glory.

Empires, tribes, notables

Let’s start with the fact that “Africa” isn’t a native name for the continent , but a name the Romans gave to the provinces they conquered from Carthage. It is unclear what indigenous Africans called their continent before this European appellation, but so vast a land mass may have defied conceptualization to the ancients. The Roman term initially applied to only a portion of what we would now call North Africa. Today, some refer to the continent as a “garden of Eden” and the “cradle of humankind,” as it is the origin of our species, homo sapiens.

As we know, there is power to a name; it solidifies identity. Now that we know more about where the name Africa comes from, let’s explore more about its people and their cultures.

Malian Empire (Mansa musa)

A map of the Malian Empire during its reign. Gabriel Moss. CC BY-SA 4.0

The Malian empire (13th-16th century) was an empire that spanned a multitude of present-day West African countries, in particular its present-day namesake, the Republic of Mali. During the reign of its emperors, this kingdom was widely known as a trading empire, driving the international trade in gold and salt. A notable figure who helped Mali become one of the wealthiest empires at the time was a king named Mansa Musa. He was known to be one of the richest men on earth, and during his pilgrimage to Mecca, he took tons of gold with him and shared his wealth with the people there. Under his leadership, the Malian empire excelled in education, navigation, and more.

Education

Sankore mosque, one of the largest universities in the world. upyernoz. CC by 2.0

Under Mansa Musa’s reign, his Empire built many of the most reputable philosophical schools of the age. The most well-known one is the University of Sankoré. This particular university had one of the largest libraries since the library of Alexandria – it could house 200,000 students and preserved a collection of 400,000-700,000 manuscripts. Many astronomers, mathematicians, and philosophers called this institution home.

Additionally, the Malian empire is home to the famous educational and trading city of Timbuktu. Mansa Musa, having built and cultivated this city, opened the doors for trading across north and west Africa. As more Muslim Tuareg (northern African nomads) traders made their way to the city, spreading Islam, Timbuktu became an epicenter for Maktab’s (Muslim schools).

Amazigh Indigenous

The Amazigh are Indigenous people from all over northern Africa. Often these people are called ‘Berber,’ which is a harmful exonym, as literally derived from the same root as ‘barbaric.’ They have been fighting for cultural recognition and acceptance since the Arab conquests in North Africa, eroding their existence.

Traditions

The Amazigh have a deep and profound love for the earth and for their natural lands, and they believe their mountains (Aakal) protected them from Arab invasions. They even have annual festivals celebrating the land’s fertility called Bou-Irmawen.

Another tradition they have is tattooing, which came about as an act of rebellion against Arab rulers, who banned the practice. Amazigh men tattooed Amazigh symbols and tribal affiliations onto the backs of their hands.

Lastly, Amazigh families are by tradition matriarchal. This system, coming long before colonialism and lasting many years, speaks volumes. In Amazigh families, the mother is considered the head of the family.

The Amhara people of the Abyssinian empire (Ethiopia)

Collage photo of what the Amhara people looked like. Middayexpress. CC BY-SA 3.0

One interesting thing about Ethiopia is that it was never officially colonized, only briefly occupied by Fascist Italy during WWII, meaning the nation/empire retains much of its traditions and culture. The Amhara people are among the oldest indigenous groups in the Abyssinian empire. As one of the country’s largest ethnic groups, the Amhara have given their language of Amharic to be Ethiopia’s official language. A proud and ancient people, the Amhara have many fantastic fables, stories, and myths that help define their way of life and culture.

Myths and Culture

Starting with an interesting fact, the Amhara people believe that they share ancestry with Shem, eldest son of biblical Noah, and can even trace it all the way back to King Solomon and Queen Sheba. Ethiopia is one of the oldest epicenters of Christianity in Africa (and, indeed, the world).

While the Amhara have a strong connection to religion, they also have a tie to their spirituality. They have a myth about a being called Buda, which is believed to use evil eyes and possess humans, making them partake in malicious activities. To protect yourself against these spirits, wearing a blue glass eye is believed to ward off the evil spirits and protect you.

Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom- Eastern Uganda

A photo of what the ancient kingdom’s capital looked like. Harry johnston. CC BY-SA 4.0

Bunyoro was a kingdom in East Africa whose kings reigned from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The kingdom was infamous for its fortified military unit and its trade of fish and salt. Its economy relied heavily on agriculture and succeeded due to a surplus of fertile soils.

Reproductive health

Not only were these people excellent in agriculture, but they were excellent midwives and performed one of the first successful c-sections. They are noted to be the origin or birthplace of the c-section, as many western researchers would come here to see how they had achieved this feat. To perform these c-sections, the midwives would use banana wine as an anesthetic, fire to sterilize their tools and for cauterization, and salves and stitches for healing. These c-sections would rarely result in complications and most were successful.

Fulbe Nomad tribe–Wodaabe in Chad

The Wodaabe men dressed in their Gerewol attire and makeup. Dan Lundberg. CC By-NC-S.A 2.0

The Fulbe people, also called the Fulani, are a widely dispersed and often nomadic ethnic group across Africa. It is under debate where they originate from, and, due to their lifestyle, they are very diverse people. The Fulbe people are known to be merchants and herders. An interesting fact about them is that they were among the first people to adopt Islam after the conquests.

Gender Roles

The Wodaabe people in Chad, an extension of the Fulani, are one of the remaining groups that have stuck to their traditional religion instead of converting to Islam. They subscribe to the belief of Animism– the idea that every living thing (including trees) has a soul. Something unique about these people is that they have an annual Gerewol festival, which showcases a male beauty pageant to find a wife. In this society, despite general patriarchy, women get to choose their partners. The festival unfolds with the Wodaabe men painted in yellow with makeup wearing elaborate jewelry and sweet perfume dancing the night away.

Africa is a continent that so many call home, and for its true history to be unearthed authentically speaks volumes. Africa was often portrayed as backward or barbaric during the colonial era, and because of this, diverse and advanced ancient cultures were erased in the process. This is only a glimpse of what pre-colonial Africa was like, and there are so many more cultures that deserve recognition.

Kadija is a student at Georgia State in Atlanta, Ga. She is a creative spirit who loves traveling and seeing new places. She also enjoys using her love for writing/storytelling to make an impact on the world. One day she hopes to make new connections and share stories as she travels to every continent.

Uncovering the Diversity of African Music

May 3, 2023

If you are a music buff looking to expand your horizon, check out these 5 African music genres.

People all across the African diaspora share a love for music, which connects everyone to the same frequency. Many are familiar with Afrobeats, a style of music from Nigeria, but there are many different and diverse genres to explore the sounds of, from the likes of Amapiano to Chimurenga.

Amapiano

Amapiano is a genre of music originating from South Africa characterized by a mixture of jazz, house and Gospel music. Amapiano is composed heavily of synthesizers, percussion, soulful vocals, and repetitive melodies. This genre of music is relatively new, coming into being in the early 2010’s. Amapiano is a Zulu word meaning “the pianos.” Amapiano is a form of music South Africans believe can bridge people together, and a musical escape for the younger generations.

Listen to a Youtube playlist of Amapiano music

Juju

Man playing music on the beach. Seun Adeniyi-CCO.

Juju is a genre of music that originates from Nigeria, specifically its Yoruba region. It’s a musical style that is composed of praise-singing accompanied by a guitar or banjo and a gourd shaker. This genre of music was traditionally played in taverns or during festivals as dance music, but became modernized and generally popular by the 1980’s. As it grew in popularity, it led to the birth of many other genres of music like Highlife or Afrobeats, as we know of them today.

Listen to a Youtube playlist of Juju music

Coupe decale

Coupe Decale is a genre of music created by Cote D'ivoirians living in France in the early 2000’s. It’s a musical style composed of ‘computerized circular beats’ mixed with Ivorian rhythms . The lyrics themselves are inspired by the West African griot tradition of story-telling, and the genre’s primary message focuses on providing a space for many people to dress nice, go clubbing, and forget their problems during a time of economic and political crisis.

Listen to a Youtube playlist of Coupe Decale music

Gnawa–saharan Folk music

Man playing Moroccan bass lute. Marrakech Riad-CCO.

Gnawa is a folk genre that originates from Morocco. It’s a musical style that has its roots in ancient African tradition, as it’s the result of formerly enslaved black Africans integrating into Moroccan life. It serves as a preservation of the folkloric music of their ancestors, as well as a means to heal from collective trauma. Interestingly it is also said to have healing properties for those that are possessed by ‘genie spirits.’ Its musical style is composed of African percussion, metallic castanets, and bass lutes.’ Gnawa at its core is a combination of poetry, music and dancing. This genre shares many similarities with its American counterparts Jazz and the Blues, as all three share the same purpose. The genre’ songs consist of references to the singer’s origins and history regarding enslavement.

Listen to a Youtube playlist of Coupe Decale music

Chimurenga

Chimurenga is a genre of music that was developed in Zimbabwe. It was used to protest colonial rule in the 70s, and more generally is used to discuss and inform on societal issues and movements important to the singer. Because of this, it is recognized as ‘music for the people’s struggle’. This musical genre can be accredited to the Shona musician Thomas Mapfumo. He was inspired by the rock bands he heard playing growing up and his Shona background to create a political movement through music.

Listen to a Youtube playlist of Chimurenga music

Sleep Around the World

April 27, 2023

How do country and age affect how we sleep?

Ever-present sleeping Japanese travelers, BitBoy, CC BY 2.0.

Every single person in the world, no matter how old or how young, regardless of where they live, needs to spend at least some portion of each day asleep. Not everyone sleeps the same way, however. Where you live, your age, and how you choose to live your life have a huge effect on how you sleep.

In South Korea, it has been estimated that around 100,000 people are addicted to sleeping pills. People in South Korea, along with Japan, get the least amount of sleep in the world, averaging less than 6 and a half hours per night. In Japan, the term “Inemuri,” refers to “sleeping on duty,” and refers to when someone falls asleep in the office, or sometimes even on a train or a public bench. While in the US falling asleep on the job would be considered a sign of laziness, in Japan, Inemuri is a respected practice, where the sleeping individual is seen as having literally “worked themselves to sleep.” In both South Korea and Japan, hard work and strict schedules are commonplace, causing a high pressure environment where sleep is sacrificed for success.

In the Netherlands, on the other hand, people sleep on average 8 hours and 12 minutes per night, the most in the world. The primary reason for this is that the Dutch eat dinner very early, often around 5:30 or 6pm. This gives the Netherlands the greatest period between their evening meal and their bedtime, greatly improving their quality of sleep. This also allows people in the Netherlands to have an earlier bedtime, something that is important because it's actually when you go to bed, not when you wake up, that serves as the best indicator of sleep habits.

However, while the Netherlands bedtime is very healthy for the average adult, for a child it would not be nearly enough.The amount of sleep people need decreases as they get older. Newborn babies, for instance, are recommended to get 14-17 hours of sleep a day. After three months, this decreases to 12-16 hours. From the ages of 6-12, it is recommended to get 9-11 hours, and from the ages 13-18, 8-10 hours of sleep. It is when reaching adulthood that the 8 hours of sleep usually recommended by experts becomes the minimally acceptable amount. This makes age the biggest factor in determining how long one should sleep.

Cultural differences in sleep extend beyond quantity. In Japan, 54% of people sleep alone. In Canada, this statistic drops to 14%. These statistics do not only signify romantic partners. In Vietnam, 83% of parents share their beds with their children. In some cultures, whole families often sleep together. The Ache people in Paraguay for example, are described by Professor Carol Worthman as sleeping in “big multigenerational heaps.”

When and how often we sleep is another question. In the United States, people practice monophasic sleep, meaning sleeping one time per day, at night. While many western countries are monophasic, this is not the case everywhere. Most famously, the Spanish “siesta,” is an example of biphasic sleep, meaning that practitioners sleep in two blocks, once at night and the other during the afternoon. This also is a tradition in many Mediterranean countries, most notably Egypt. Some individual people even practice polyphasic sleep, where they sleep for more than two times per 24-hour day. While no nation is known to practice this kind of sleep, both Leonardo Da Vinci and Thomas Edison are thought to have been polyphasic sleepers.

While sleep differs in many ways beyond those discussed above, this should at least demonstrate that, like other traditions and beliefs, each individual and culture has its own way of sleeping.

Jeremy is a Writing Seminars and International Studies major at Johns Hopkins University. He is an avid writer and the Co-Founder of Writers’ Warehouse, Johns Hopkins’ first creative writing group. He is an advocate for Indigenous rights, and studies how Indigenous philosophies can be used to help prevent climate change. Using his writing, he hopes to bring attention to underrepresented voices in today’s world.

How Quechua Women Keep Stories Alive Through Their Hats

April 25, 2023

Having long been mistreated, Indigenous Quechua women have found ways to honor their ancestors and stories with their unique hats, which form an integral part of Peruvian culture.

How Fast Food Adapts to Local Tastes Around the World

April 12, 2023

Exploring unique regional items from KFC, McDonald’s, Pizza Hut and other fast food giants.

Fast Food Mull. Tim Reckmann. CC BY 2.0.

Fast food is a universal language that transcends borders and cultures. Whether you are craving a burger in Beijing or a pizza in Paris, you can always rely on fast food chains to provide a consistent, reliable experience. However, in the modern world, fast food chains are constantly adapting to local tastes and incorporating unique ingredients to create various flavor combinations. Here below is a flavor adventure that explores the wacky and wonderful world of region-exclusive fast food items.

1. Kentucky Fried Chicken

Kentucky Fried Chicken in Shanghai. Gwydion M. Williams.CC BY 2.0.

Kentucky Fried Chicken, or KFC for short, has come a long way since its humble beginnings in Corbin, Kentucky. Today, the iconic fast food chain can be found in almost every corner of the globe, serving up crispy fried chicken to hungry customers worldwide. But while the Colonel’s original recipe may be the same everywhere, KFC has become famous for its wildly creative region-exclusive items. For example, in the United Kingdom, KFC has introduced the “Scoff-ee Cup”, a creation that combines a biscuit cup with white chocolate to keep coffee hot and fingers crispy. Meanwhile, in Asia, KFC has rolled out some innovative treats, like the Brown Sugar Boba Tea Tart, a pastry filled with milk tea custard and boba jelly, inspired by the popular Taiwanese drink.

But KFC’s regional items are not just about sweet treats. In Korea, the chain offers Tender-Rice, a combo of crispy chicken tenders and seasoned rice. And in Malaysia, customers can try the Wasabi Rice Wrap, a fusion of Japanese and Vietnamese flavors that is designed for people on the go. According to Ling Mee Jiuan, Senior Vice President of KFC Malaysia, the Wasabi Rice Wrap was designed specifically with young, busy consumers in mind. The local team wanted to create something that was quick, convenient, and bursting with flavor for people who are always on the move.

2. McDonald’s

McDonald’s is the poster child for the rapid spread of Western fast food across the globe. The term “McDonaldization” was coined to describe what started as a Speedee Service System, which prioritized efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control by offering a limited menu of 15-cent hamburgers, fries, and shakes. However, McDonald’s has slowed its pace and started introducing region-exclusive items that cater to local taste buds. For instance, in 2001, McDonald’s added the McFalafel sandwich to its menu in Egypt. This sandwich features three pieces of falafel, a patty-shaped fritter of Arab origin that is deep-fried and served with garnishes like tomatoes, lettuce, onions, and pickles, all wrapped in a freshly baked tortilla wrap and topped with Tahini sauce.

But McDonald's is not just adding local twists to its burgers - the company also creates entirely new menu items for specific regions, you can find the Teriyaki Burger, which features a savory teriyaki sauce and is served on a rice bun instead of a traditional burger bun. In South Korea, McDonald's offers the Bulgogi Burger, which features marinated beef and a spicy sauce made from Korean chili paste.

McDonald’s has also tailored its famous bread to suit local palates. In China, for instance, McDonald’s introduced the distinctive Black and White Burgers. These “half burgers” were packaged in a small box and were possibly inspired by the yin-yang symbol. The black burger consisted of a beef patty with chopped onions, black pepper sauce, and a black bun topped with white sesame seeds. The white burger, in contrast, featured a chicken patty with sweet and spicy sauce and a white bun with black sesame seeds. While some of these attempts at innovation were mocked, they demonstrate a willingness to experiment and accommodate local tastes.

3. PizzaHut

Pizza Hut Pizza in Japan.Yoko Nekonomania.CC BY 2.0.

Founded in 1958 by two Wichita University students, Pizza Hut has grown to become the world's largest pizza company, with over 11,000 restaurants in 90 countries. But Pizza Hut's success isn't just due to its massive size - the company’s commitment to innovation and customer service has set it apart from competitors.

However, some of Pizza Hut’s more unconventional offerings have raised eyebrows, and possibly even the ire of traditionalists. Weirder items, such as the “Double Sensation” in Singapore, may seem like two pizzas squished into one. The outer crust is stuffed with a melange of melted mozzarella, Parmesan, and cheddar cheeses that ooze out of holes in the crust, while the outer pie is topped with turkey ham, bell peppers, mushrooms, and salsa sauce. And for reasons beyond comprehension, a single cherry adorns the center of the pizza.

Meanwhile, Pizza Hut in China has added Peking duck as a meat topping to its menu, alongside specialized pizzas crafted with different veggies to complement the duck’s unique flavors. For many, duck is not a meat that adapts easily to other dishes. But for the daring foodies who are willing to try new things, Pizza Hut in China offers a delicious and adventurous take on traditional pizza.

4. Burger King

Burger King Halloween Whopper Black Bun. Mike Mozart. CC BY 2.0.

In 1953, Keith Kramer and his wife’s uncle Matthew Burns were struck with inspiration after visiting the original McDonald's in California. Their brainchild, Insta-Burger King, was born from their desire to create a unique restaurant experience. Equipped with a special grill machine, the Insta-Broiler, the duo set out to make their mark in the fast-food industry.

Now, with over 19,000 locations worldwide, Burger King is a force to be reckoned with in the fast-food world. While its competitors strive to innovate their international menus, Burger King takes a different approach—stuffing as much as humanly possible between two buns. Take, for example, the Bacon Lover, available in France and Switzerland, which boasts two flame-grilled beef patties, onions, tomatoes, cheese, bacon, and smoked sauce, all served between two bacon-studded buns.

But the Garlic Meat Beast in Japan takes the cake for the most outrageous offering. This monstrosity features a quarter-pound beef patty, teriyaki chicken breast, and garlic pork patty, all slathered in scallion miso sauce and topped with lettuce, tomato, onion, and bits of fried garlic. And if that’s not enough to satisfy the consumers, Burger King‘s Windows 7 Whopper hit Japanese locations for a limited time, featuring a whopping seven beef patties, plus all the usual fixings, for the price of $5.94, a nod to the release of Microsoft's Windows 7 operating system.

5. Taco Bell

Taco Bell Beefy Fritos Burrito. Willis Lam.CC BY-SA 2.0.

Taco Bell is the new kid on the block when it comes to multinational fast food chains, but it has made its presence known around the world with its Mexican-inspired menu. The company’s catchy slogans, from “Think Outside the Bun” to “Live Mas,” have resonated with customers in Asia, Europe, and beyond. But Taco Bell’s true innovation lies in what's inside the bun (or wrap). Take, for instance, the Kimchi Quesadilla, which can be found at Taco Bell locations in Korea. This fusion dish combines the traditional Korean dish of spicy fermented cabbage with spicy chicken and a blend of melted cheeses, creating a unique flavor that is all its own. Or consider the Chicken Tikka Masala Burrito in India, where grilled chicken, Mexican rice, onion, cilantro mix, and Tandoori Mayo Sauce are wrapped in a grilled flour tortilla, showcasing Taco Bell's willingness to experiment with unorthodox flavor combinations. Other region-exclusive menu items include the Shrimp and Avocado Burrito in Japan and the Chili Cheese Burrito in the United States.

6. Domino’s

Domino’s pizza in Japan with Lazagniano and Super Deluxe. Puamelia. CC BY-SA 2.0.

Domino’s, the pizza giant with over 17,644 restaurants around the world, has managed to achieve a global presence with its menu. However, their international menu seems to be an experimental playground that has no bounds. Japan’s Boba Tapioca Pizza is a clear demonstration of the chain’s willingness to embrace bizarre combinations that cater to local tastes. The pizza’s blend of black tapioca pearls and mozzarella cheese has gotten mixed reactions from customers. While it is true that some of Domino’s experiments are not well-received, the Lotta-Chocca Pizza in the United Kingdom has won the hearts of many, thanks to its unique fusion of pizza and milk chocolate. Domino's New Zealand has also managed to make an impact with its Apricot Chicken Deluxe, a delicious combo of chicken and apricot sauce.

From rice and curry to kimchi to Beijing duck, the amalgamation of western industrialization and local cuisine gives rise to region-exclusive fast food items that are uniquely flavorful, providing a glimpse into the cultural diversity that exists across the globe. The presence of such multicultural menus in fast food chains not only reflects the dynamism of global markets but also serves as a testimony to the importance of inclusivity and open-mindedness in our increasingly interconnected world.

9 Historical Women Adventurers Who Pushed Exploration in the Last 100 Years

April 12, 2023

Despite facing prejudice and skepticism, these intrepid women adventurers conquered the world’s toughest terrain.

The Concept of Time in Different Cultures

April 4, 2023

How where you live and the language you speak affects your view of time.

Self portrait - Ticking away, MattysFlicks, CC BY 2.0.

Over the summer I would get up at about 7:00 am every morning. By 8:30, I’d have eaten breakfast, showered, gotten dressed, and left for work. When work ended, I’d make sure to always have a plan for what to do after, whether that was hang out with friends, work out, or write something. I’d usually be done with that by around 8, at which time I’d heat something up for dinner, usually a meal I prepared in bulk on the weekend. Afterwards, I’d watch shows until I fell asleep. The next day, I would get up, and repeat.

Like most other English speaking Americans, I view time as linear, heading from a defined beginning to a final end. Every moment is something that I can spend, save, or waste. And, I believe that if I waste too many of these moments, it could have a disastrous impact on my future.

However, this is just one of many ways to view time. Depending on where you live, what you believe, and what language you speak, you may view time in a completely different way.

Monochronic Time and Polychronic Time

Business Calendar & Schedule, photosteve101, CC BY 2.0.

Monochronic Time is divided into small segments, allowing it to be managed and scheduled easily. It is treated as a resource, just like any other. Being used by countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany, monochronic time is essentially the time model of industrialization. People in monochronic societies tend to be on time to meetings; similar to the schedule I described above, every moment has a distinct purpose. Wasted time can cause great stress, and going off-schedule can mean that all necessary tasks may not get completed. This causes countries with monochronic time to typically have a faster pace of living. Even times of rest are often scheduled, regulating them to certain days or hours.

Four seasons in Japan, vitroid, CC BY 2.0

Polychronic time is much more fluid, where many things can be done at once. Rather than emphasizing the efficient use of each and every moment, people in polychronic societies tend to focus more on their relationships and traditions. Instead of organizing time through rigid schedules, for people in these cultures the seasons, religious calendars, and community life serve as the main signs of the passage of time. India, Mexico, and many other countries in Latin America are Polychronic.

I am currently studying abroad in Ecuador, a largely polychronic country, where I have had to adapt to the different view of times. Unlike the United States, deadlines are rarely strict. I’ve frequently been told lunch is at 1, and then ended up not eating until 2:30. In addition, planning is often more last second. I have lived with two host families, and we often have weekend plans. In each case, I have rarely known said plans until I’m on the way to my destination. While this was stressful for me at first, I have come to appreciate it, as my host families have seemed to have a much easier time living in the present because of it.

Past, Future and Present Oriented Societies

Go Fisherman go - Gokarna India 2011, rundenreisen.org, CC BY 2.0

Past Oriented Countries, like the UK or India, have incredibly long and storied histories. Instead of living for the present alone, past oriented societies see themselves as only the newest iteration of an incredibly old tradition. This causes them to view time in a more casual manner, as the waste of an hour or a day is inconsequential when compared with thousands of years of history.

In addition, many eastern past oriented countries adhere to what is called cyclic time. This is the idea, that like the seasons, time repeats itself, and events are bound to happen again. This means that, whenever considering a major decision, it is critical to evaluate the events of the past.

Getting cab times square, new york, andre stoeriko, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Future oriented countries, like the United States, are young and hungry. Without thousands of years of culture to fall back on, citizens of the United States tend to look forward. In future oriented countries, every moment matters, as only by maximizing these moments can a person truly succeed.

Juma River, Amazonas, Brazil, Alexey Yakovlev, CC BY-SA 2.0

Present Oriented Societies are rare, but they do exist. The Indigenous Piraha tribe of the Amazon Rainforest has no past tense in their language. They have no origin story or particular religious beliefs, no reverence for their ancestors, and tell no stories. For them, things just are. What has happened in the past is not relevant.

Language and Time

Anglophones usually think about time as something that has length. Phrases such as “a long day” or “a never-ending year” are common. In Swedish, time is viewed in this same way.

In Spanish, days are described as “full,” instead of long. Rather than as a line, time is visualized as a container waiting to be filled.

This is most interesting when it comes to bilingual speakers, as it has been proven that they have the ability to, in switching languages, change how they view time. If someone bilingual is spoken to in English, they will view time as a line, and if they are spoken to in Spanish, they will visualize it as a container, giving them a foot in both worlds.

Why Japanese Fruit Is So Expensive

August 30, 2022

Japan places cultural importance on giving fruit gifts, leading to the cultivation of impressive fruits that can cost over $100

In most parts of the world, fruit is a relatively common food, located in every grocery store and eaten as a healthy snack. However, fruit in Japan is expensive, much more than most would expect. Every piece of fruit is carefully grown and so much importance is placed on this that a single piece of fruit can cost over $200.

Of these expensive fruits, melons are the most famous. Many watermelons are grown in the shape of a cube, though known as square watermelons, and others a heart. Square watermelons were originally developed to make it easier to store them, but they are still watermelons. Yubari melons are also extremely costly, well-known for their sweetness, texture and aroma. They are known as the most expensive fruit because in 2010, a pair of them were sold for $45,000 to a melon-flavored mineral water company celebrating their 10th anniversary. Muscat grapes are also very popular, each one large, plump and shiny. However, the Ruby Roman grapes are even more special. These are grown only in Ishikawa, one of Japan’s prefectures, and a single one of these grapes can cost 2,500 yen (about $18). They are easily the most expensive grapes in the world, but they are also the largest, with each grape as big as a ping pong ball. Though these grapes are also classified into superior, special superior and premium, only 1-2 bunches of grapes are considered premium per year. In 2020, a premium group of Ruby Roman grapes sold for $12,000. Another popular and expensive fruit is the Japanese strawberry. Amao strawberries, grown in Fukuoka, cost around $7 per kilogram, but they are roughly 4-5 times the size of normal strawberries. Hatsukoi no kaori, or white jewel strawberries, are 3 times the size of a regular strawberry, but a singular one of them will cost $10. This is because of the unique color that they are famous for. Hatsukoi no kaori are white strawberries with red seeds, hence the name “white jewel”.

White Jewel Strawberry. Jed Schmidt. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

These impressive fruits are expensive for a reason. There is a lot of careful cultivation by the farmers who grow them so that the fruit turn out perfectly. Each farmer has their own way of meticulously taking care of their fruit plants. Some will pollinate each flower by hand, others have hats for their fruit in order to prevent sunburn and the rest will grow the plant so that each branch or vine only has one fruit. This way, all the nutrients in the plant are directed towards that particular fruit.

Display of Expensive Fruit. The Tronodon. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

In addition, fruit-giving is an important part of Japanese culture. The seasons play a large cultural role, and fruit represents them because different fruits thrive better during different times of the year. It allows people to experience and appreciate what each season has to offer, from the colors of the fruit, to their aroma and, of course, taste. Beyond that, since fruit is edible, it doesn’t clutter people’s houses. Also, since the fruit is a gift, it has to look perfect. They cannot have blemishes or other imperfections, which is why so much labor and dedication is devoted to growing each luxury fruit.

8 Immigrant Neighborhoods in the United States That Offer Glimpses of Another Country

August 16, 2022

Explore world cultures without leaving the United States in these 8 diaspora neighborhoods.

7 Sites of Mexico City’s Architectural Diversity, from Baroque to Brutalist

June 16, 2022

Mexico City is a flourishing metropolis with a plethora of historic and modernist architectural sites. Here are a few attractions scattered around the city.

A street at the center of Mexico City. Flickr user Franx’. CC BY-NC 2.0.

A Gothic cathedral sits next to a glassy business building. Brick houses with arabesque detailing overlook the noisy streets full of men in suits and street food vendors. Mexico City is growing every year; its multiplicity of neighborhoods hosts a variety of architectural styles and people from all over the globe. Often regarded as an oasis of modernity in the entirety of Latin America, this urban center has been labeled the “next Paris'' or as a new version of New York. Given its history of colonialism and its willful modernization under Porfirio Diaz, Mexico City’s compilation of architecture is oftentimes representative of its past and present. Here’s a cursory glance at a few of Mexico City’s sites of modernization, and the contradictions at play in these structures.

The Central Library of the National Autonomous University on a gloomy day. Mark Hogan. CC BY-SA 2.0.

1. Central Library of the National Autonomous University

Juan O’Gorman’s Central Library of the National Autonomous University (UNAM) is a spectacle to behold. This behemoth holds the qualities of international modernist architecture: its 14-story frame sits above a glassy ground floor which looks over a neatly gridded yard. Yet, O’Gorman’s building doesn’t possess the stoicism of standard midcentury modern architecture; its distinctively Mexican-themed mural makes the building a historic storybook. Like a visual epic, the “Historical Representation of Culture” mural includes the expansive timeline of pre-conquest Mexico, the Spanish conquest, Mexican modernization and Mexico’s future. One can spot mosaics of the beginnings of Tenochtitlan, and the clash between pre-Hispanic Mexico and vehicles of Spanish colonialism. O’Gorman believed his mosaics of these cultural signifiers would make the library “different from the rest of the buildings within University City” by giving it a distinctly “Mexican character.”

A corner of the exterior of Casa Luis Barragan. Forgemind Archimedia. CC BY 2.0.

2. Casa Luis Barragan

Casa Luis Barragan, which was built in 1948, looks as if it were suspended in time and space: colorful red walls jut into the placid blue sky, although they are immobile in detail and structure. Luis Barragan is a world-renowned architect whose eccentric architectural style can be recognized in his buildings’ solid colors, geometric shapes and sparsity of details. This vibrant house is a foil of O’Gorman’s direct homage to Mexico as a nation; it highlights formalist qualities over political values, which Barragan considered secondary to his architecture. Barragan is an expert at manipulating elements of nature. The play of shadows within the structure itself and the use of greenery turns an otherwise intimidating monument into a livable habitat. Although countless travel journals have attached Mexican modernist themes to Barragan’s home, it resists the supposed markers of “Mexican” aesthetics and remains a private site of great accomplishment.

Thousands visit the Basilica de Guadalupe daily. Alex Marduk. CC BY 2.0.

3. Basilica de Guadalupe

Pedro Ramirez Vazquez’s seminal work, the Basilica de Guadalupe, is a sacred destination for thousands of Catholics around the world. The area it sits on, Tepeyac, was originally a place where Aztecs worshipped Tonantzin, or “the divine mother.” As a result of the suppression of Aztec religions during Spanish occupation, the Basilica de Guadalupe was built for Our Lady of Guadalupe who was said to have appeared before St. Juan Diego. The original colonial basilica was severely damaged in 1921 in a bomb attack, but Vazquez’s new Basilica de Guadalupe renovated the sacred site. This site was just one of Vazquez’s projects dedicated to industrializing Mexico, as shown in its modernist disk shape and the sheer mass of its structure.

Monumento a la Revolucion sitting at the city center. Ismael Villafranco. CC BY 2.0.

4. Monumento a la Revolucion

Located in the Cuauhtemoc borough of Mexico City, Monumento a la Revolucion is a stately memorial which celebrates the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Mirroring many of the United States’ federal buildings in Washington, the monument’s perfectly symmetrical Roman dome is fortified by brick pillars which meet at the four corners of the structure. Carlos Obregon Santacilia continued the project after it had been abandoned by both the state and the French architect they commissioned for the building, Emile Benard. Oliverio Martinez’s smooth sculptural representations of independence, reform, agrarian laws and labor laws protect the mausoleum on its four corners. In this marriage of neoclassical elements and Mexican nationalism, the Mexican government actively constructs its origin story via the conventions of Roman and French architecture.

Close-up shot of Martinez’s sculpture on Monumento a la Revolucion. Flickr user tchelseat. CC BY-NC 2.0.

A view of the facade of La Santisima Church. Wikimedia user Protoplasmakid. CC BY-SA 3.0.

5. La Santisima Church

La Santisima Church is covered in the Spanish churrigueresque style, which is the Baroque style that was dominant in Spain during the 18th century. Its facades are adorned with ornate carvings of the apostles, angels, Jesus and Mary placed in between its many columns. Although it appears relatively normal in a city full of extravagant churches, the distinctive religious iconography on its exterior deems La Santisima Church worthy of close attention.

Museo Soumaya shines brightly on sunny days. Flickr user Dan. CC BY 2.0.

6. Museo Soumaya

No piece of architecture screams “contemporary” like the Museo Soumaya. Museo Soumaya, which houses thousands of sculptures and paintings from pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica up to European impressionist works, is a piece of art itself. The Plaza Carso building in particular is an intriguing malformed shape dressed in millions of aluminum hexagons. Taking inspiration from Frank Lloyd Wright’s Guggenheim in New York, Fernando Romero designed the Plaza Carso as an enigma: the concept behind the work is intentionally vague, and the usefulness of its parabolic shape questionable.

Front view of Museo Anahuacalli. Javier Castañón. CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

7. Museo Anahuacalli

Although Diego Rivera is widely known for his painted murals, his exploration of three-dimensional design is just as noteworthy. Rivera’s Museo Anahuacalli was made of his own accord; Rivera wanted a space for his collection of over 50,000 relics of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. The style of the building is an amalgam of various Mesoamerican styles, taking inspiration from Teotihuacan and the temples of the Mayans and Aztecs. The exterior of the museum has the symmetry of neoclassical architecture, while its interior is heavily influenced by the Aztec pyramid.

Many scholars speculate that the development of uniquely “Mexican” architecture, seen through Mexico City’s plethora of sites, stems from a desire for national representation. Mexico City’s postcolonial realities are found in its very infrastructure: one cannot ignore the presence of Catholicism, the reminders of a pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica, and the complications of deliberate industrialization. Juan O’Gorman’s library attempts to artfully marry the past, present and future. Casa Barragan is the work of a maverick who resists the narrative of a national architecture. The grandiose Basilica de Guadalupe is holy ground for millions of Catholics, yet it strays from the Gothic style of typical European cathedrals.

The sheer amount of voices and styles in this sprawling metropolis is telling of its complicated relationship with modernization. There is no shortage of historic, formal, religious and artistic values in each of Mexico City’s buildings.

12 Local Cuisines You Can Find Around the World

June 7, 2022

Tasting local foods is one of the most interesting things about travel. Learn about some hallmark culinary traditions of these diverse regions.

Meat and veggies simmering in a pan. LoKan Sardari. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

My favorite part of traveling is exploring and tasting local food dishes with culturally significant roots within the region I’m visiting. When I traveled to London, I explored the local pubs and decided fried fish wasn’t that bad. The local aspect of dishes excites me, and I would much rather dine in a family-owned restaurant than a tourist trap.

This serves as a bite-sized serving of the infinite variety of food on this massive planet—not a definitive recounting of the delicious and culturally significant dishes on Earth, but rather these regions serve as starting points that lead to culinary exploration.

1. Kanto Region - Japan

Fukagawa meshi and other side dishes. Nekotank. CC BY-ND 2.0.

Japan is divided into eight regions, each of which has its own culturally significant dishes. The Kanto region is home to the capital city of Tokyo, and the flavors are stronger than the other regions’ food. Fukagawa meshi is a dish that originated in the Edo period (approximately 1603-1867) and consists of clams and leeks cooked in a miso stew. The dish was a product of abundant fishing in the area and quickly became adopted by locals. The Kanto region became a hub for industry during the Edo period, and the cuisine naturally started evolving to incorporate other region’s influences.

2. New South Wales - Australia

Kangaroo Meatballs with quandom jam. by denisbin. CC BY-ND 2.0.

Prior to the 18th century, the Indigenous population of Australia subsisted on hunting local wildlife, including kangaroos and wallabies. Once Australia became a continent-sized prison for the British Empire, the cuisine quickly modified to have influences of the colonizer diet. Today, Sydney cuisine reflects the multi-cultural population that lives there. Take-away foods and fast food are staples of Australian culture, and Sydney specifically is a melting pot of local and international foods. Fish and thick cut fries are common. The cuisine of Australia is heavily influenced by Western diets but still utilizes ingredients that Aussies connect with, including eating their national animal, the kangaroo—a dish low in fat, delicious, and popular in local restaurants.

3. Phobjikha Valley - Bhutan

Bhutan dish with potatoes and vegetables. By rapidtravelchai. CC BY 2.0.

This region is home to many rich cultural events, such as the Black-Necked Crane Festival, which honors one of the region’s most culturally significant animals. This festival is held annually on Nov. 12, where cranes can be seen flying at high altitudes, accompanied by traditional dancers dressed in black-necked crane attire. The local cash crop is potatoes, which are the main ingredient in kewa datshi, a traditional dish prepared by thinly slicing potatoes and sauteeing with cheese, butter and chiles. The dish is relatively new to the region’s culture; in fact, potato consumption in Bhutan was near non-existent until the 1970s. Until then, it was mainly used as an export crop. Due to the region’s altitude and climate, insects do not interfere with the local’s potato crops, which eliminates the need for harmful pesticides.

4. Metsovo - Greece

Skewered sausages. PACO POMARES. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Situated to the north of Epirus, Greece, this gorgeous small town is home to some of Greece’s most delicious industries: wine and cheese. The history of this town is fascinating, with it being the center of production for sheep wool traded as far as Northern Africa during the 17th and 18th centuries. The region is most popular during the winter season for its spectacular mountains and beautiful streams. Venturing off the beaten path, one can find themselves entranced with gorgeous forests, filled with statues, 19th-century architecture and natural springs supplying fountains. The local cuisine has an emphasis on dishes with rich flavors like sausages and ruffage, as well as a nice glass of wine to pair with it. Extra virgin olive oil is a heavily used condiment that could be added to multitudes of things, including toasted bread and other dishes.

5. Chengdu - China

An assortment of Chengdu Food. sinosplice. CC BY-NC 2.0.

Chengdu, China is a so-called “Party City,” according to the Los Angeles Times. While it is true that Chengdu has more teahouses and bars than Shanghai, it’s also home to many local dishes, specializing in chiles and peppercorns. One dish, dan dan mein (which Chengdu is credited for making), utilizes both in order to achieve a very spicy broth. Chengdu’s local tea culture is also very important, since the city was once a starting point for the Silk Road, offering many opportunities to create and enhance cultural staples. Although not culinary-specific, the city is a hotspot for LGBTQ+ travelers and natives, combining influences from the local party scene and the Queer community.

6. Soca Valley - Slovenia

Panettone with chocolate chips. Nicola since 1972. CC BY 2.0.

Slovenia is right in the center of four surrounding cultural influences; the Balkans, Alpines, Mediterranean and Pannonian flavors are all present in Slovenia’s dishes, and each is broken down into distinct ‘genres’ of food. The Alpine mountains are home to the cows and sheep that graze and produce milk, used for cultural dishes like žganci (literally translated as mash). The expansive meadows let honey bees run rampant to produce fresh honey. To the east of Slovenia, there is a vast amount of wheat fields, used to prepare a litany of different dishes and thermal springs that allow for fresh drinking water. The most popular fish is sea bass, and according to popular sentiment in the region, “a fish must swim three times, in water, oil and wine.” By utilizing hard harvested salt, Slovenia’s population takes its local cuisine very seriously.

7. Cape Town - South Africa

Braai at a meal. Kent Wang. CC BY-SA 2.0.

South Africa’s cuisine can be summed up with the term “melting pot,” since this region contains a mixture of Asian, European and Indigenous cultures within their food. Braai, an almost universally utilized meat preparation method in Southern Africa, is prepared by digging a firepit, providing meat and setting it ablaze. The practice is adjacent to America’s cultural touchstone of “barbecue,” although a key difference is that braai fires stay lit throughout the celebration as participants enjoy everyone’s company. Indigenous populations prioritized beef as a high-value food, and today, many South Africans still utilize foods from their Indigenous past. Colonialism severely altered the landscape of South African cuisine by bringing in an enslaved workforce from across Asia, which in turn brought their own cultural roots. The introduction of spices like nutmeg and allspice and the influence of European culture altered the cuisine further. Fermented beer is also popular, with a common practice being offering someone homemade beer as they enter your house.

8. Sicily - Italy

Italian cassatelle drizzled with chocolate. JohnDiP. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Across the Mediterranean is the island of Sicily, a region known for its famous seafood dishes, sweets and, of course, pasta. The island restaurants have the opportunity to catch fish from the surrounding Mediterranean, specializing in tuna and freshly caught sardines. Pasta con le sarde is one of Sicily’s most popular dishes, utilizing fresh fennel seed that grows abundantly in Italy and the sardines from the surrounding sea. The dish also reflects the region’s multicultural influences, such as including raisins and pine nuts adapted from North American travelers. Sicily’s sweet side is also on full display, with cannoli being a centerpiece in Sicilian culture. Made with sweet ricotta filling, the crust of the cannolis is made from a fried pastry.

9. Andes - South America

Cuy on skewers. Nestor's Blurrylife. CC BY 2.0.

The Andes Mountains are home to communities of Indigenous peoples who have worked to preserve traditional flavors and techniques. The foodstuffs of the Indigenous peoples were incredibly versatile. Corn and potatoes are still some of the most important aspects of Andes cuisine, accompanied by traditionally used meats such as llama and guinea pig. Another word for a guinea pig is “cuy,” which has been a staple in Peruvian culture since the Incas and is used on important occasions.

10. Prague - Czech Republic

Octopus at Prague Food Festival. nan palmero. CC BY 2.0.

The capital of the Czech Republic harbors many cultural influences within its dishes. Italian food has touched the landscape of cuisine in Prague, but there are still many delicious dishes with deep Czech roots. Czech cuisine doesn’t have lots of vegetables in its arsenal of ingredients, and the foods of Prague are “delicious, comforting, very filling and addictive.” Steak tartare, a dish that tops “Taste of Prague’s” list of snacks that pair well with beer, is raw minced beef served with an egg or condiments. Sausages are a very common food in Prague, as well as the greater Czech region, overflowing into Germany.

11. Central Ghana

Western Africa’s recipes are still being prepared in deeply culturally important ways. Dishes are typically very starch heavy, accompanied by heavily seasoned meats, like beef, fish and the most dominant form of red meat in this region, goat. Traditionally, West Africans didn’t eat much meat and instead opted for dishes with natural oils, but now locals mix various meats together in different aspects of dishes. Suya is also a very popular street food, taking meat and mixing it with spices, resembling a kebab flavor on a stick. Prior to Ghana’s independence in 1954, residents boycotted colonial goods, including tinned meat and biscuits, in an effort to lower the cost of living. This action, along with a demonstration at the governor’s estate, set the stage for Ghana to be the first Sub-Saharan independent country. Ghana is not concerned about dictating a national food, rather it embraces the diversity of the many cultural influences within the country.

“Ghanaians expect to encounter diverse ethnic foods when traveling through different ecological zones within their country,” said researcher Brandi Miller in her paper, “Food and Nationalism in Independent Ghana.” “They welcome this difference and consider it a source of national strength and an indication of their unique national character, which embraces diversity.”

12. Tropics - South America

Fruit in a market. Nico Kaiser. CC BY 2.0.

On the beaches of South America, some so-called ‘exotic’ fruits are common staples of local culture. Pineapples, mangos, papayas and dozens others can be found in the tropical forests within the region. The climate allows for a dizzying variety of local agriculture to be used in recipes, such as tostones, which are popular Latin American twice-fried sliced plantains. The Amazon Rainforest is also utilized to enhance local flavors, utilizing meats from turtles and capybaras to use for local cuisine. Nearer to the coast, seafood dishes like ceviche are common to see enjoyed on a sunny day on the beach. Other than fish and fruits, there is a wide variety of vegetables that are grown in the tropics that influence local cuisine, including corn, beans and sweet potatoes.

Clayton is an aspiring photojournalist with a Bachelor's in Liberal Studies with a minor in History from Indiana University - Bloomington. In his free time, he enjoys hikes, movies, and catching up on the news. He has written extensively on many topics including Japanese incarceration in America during World War II, the history of violence, and anarchist theory.

*The Louvre Museum in Paris.* BY-NC-SA 2.0

8 Museums from Around the World to Visit Virtually from Home

January 4, 2022

The coronavirus pandemic has seen many facets of daily life change. Many are working or taking classes from home, limiting their contact with the outside world, and finding new methods to ward off the fear of missing out on travel. With no clear end in sight, the trend of virtual living, working and playing is likely to carry on into next year.

In recognizing this unique opportunity, many museums around the world have opened up their collections to be viewed online for free. With exhibits ranging from science to rare art to historical demonstrations, there truly is something for everyone to enjoy. Below is a guide to eight museums whose exhibitions are available to be viewed from home.

1. Prado Museum — Madrid, Spain

The Prado Museum is Spain’s most important art museum and is world-renowned for its extensive collections of European and Spanish artwork. The museum’s collection is home to approximately 8,200 drawings, 7,600 paintings, 4,800 prints and 1,000 sculptures, and features the work of artists like Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Goya and El Greco.

According to Miguel Falomir, director of the Prado Museum, “Since its foundation in 1819, the Museo del Prado has played a key role in the evolution of art history. It has been crucial for the rediscovery of the Spanish Primitives and emblematic figures such as El Greco, and for positioning Velazquez as the greatest figure in the Spanish pictorial Parnassus, while its galleries have inspired some of the most avant-garde painters of the past 150 years. We are proud to show visitors this great artistic patrimony.”

The online collection, which is available here, showcases over 10,000 works of art. Additionally, the museum’s Instagram account, @museoprado, uploads daily mini-tours of different pieces which discuss their history and meaning.

2. National Museum of African American History and Culture — Washington, D.C.

The newest addition to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Mall campus, the National Museum of African American History and Culture is the sole national museum in the United States dedicated to documenting African American life, culture and history. The museum was widely popular when it opened in 2016, and has only continued to gain prominence with the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter movement.

The museum offers a number of virtual exhibitions and resources, including permanent and past special exhibition galleries, publications for further research into African American history, and a “Curator Chats” series which features museum curators providing information on the museum and various upcoming projects.

3. Georgia O'Keeffe Museum — Santa Fe, New Mexico

The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum is a small gallery located in New Mexico’s capital city which is dedicated to the life and work of Georgia O’Keeffe, one of the most influential American modernist painters. Since its opening in 1997, the museum’s collections have grown to house nearly 1,200 pieces of the late artist in its Santa Fe gallery and in the Abiquiu Home and Studio, where O’Keeffe resided and created many of her most popular pieces.

While the museum has since reopened with a limited capacity for visitors, art lovers across the globe can still enjoy the museum’s virtual collections, which include digital versions of her art, various online programs and creative activities to create art at home inspired by O’Keeffe’s legacy.

4. Kahlo Museum — Mexico City, Mexico

Located inside Frida Kahlo’s lifelong home, the Frida Kahlo Museum features a number of the artist’s paintings, as well as her home studio and garden. The site is famous for its vibrant blue walls which have given the building the nickname “La Casa Azul,” or “the Blue House.”

Hilda Trujillo, one of the museum’s curators, stated that: “As one explores Frida Kahlo’s work more deeply and enjoys the privilege of getting to know her home, one begins to discover the intense interrelations between Frida, her work and her house. Her creative universe is to be found in the Blue House, the place where she was born and where she died.”

Via Google Arts & Culture, visitors to the museum’s virtual gallery can view the “Appearances Can Be Deceiving” exhibit, a number of photos and paintings, and immersive virtual viewings of four rooms within the museum.

5. Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum — Xi’an, China

One of the most famous archaeological sites in the world, the Emperor Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum Site Museum is home to the terra-cotta army, a collection of several thousand sculptures depicting the army of Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor. All of these sculptures surround the emperor’s mausoleum in formations meant to guard the site from invaders.

The site in Xi’an was discovered by local farmers in 1974, and numerous excavations have uncovered more than 8,000 individual sculptures buried in the site.

The museum offers a broad online collection with a number of selections. Likewise, the virtual experience allows viewers to learn more about the history of the terra-cotta army, as well as detailed information on individual sculptures.

6. National Gallery of Victoria — Melbourne, Australia

State Library Victoria Collection. CC BY-NC 2.0.

The National Gallery of Victoria is the oldest and largest art museum in Australia. Featuring thousands of pieces of Australian Indigenous art, Asian art and international art, the museum has grown to become the most visited art museum in the country.

The museum offers an extensive list of virtual experiences which will keep any stuck-at-home art lover captivated for days. Digital tours like “20th Century Australian Art,” “Japanese Modernism” and “Marking Time: Indigenous Art from the NGV,” short documentary films, explanatory articles, podcasts and the museum’s bimonthly magazine are all available for free on the museum’s website.

7. National Museum — New Delhi, India

The National Museum in New Delhi is one of the most prominent art institutions in India. Inaugurated in 1949, the museum’s collections have grown to house over 2 million diverse pieces of Indian and foreign artwork which represent over 5,000 years of Indian cultural history. The museum has also become known as a center for art history and cultural research in recent years.

The museum’s online collection, which is available via Google Arts & Culture, showcases hundreds of pieces from the institution and features seven 360-degree room viewings.

8. Galileo Museum — Florence, Italy

Dedicated to highlighting the contributions from scientist and astronomer Galileo Galilei, the Galileo Museum is one of the most popular science museums in the world. The museum’s collection includes a number of scientific instruments dating back to the 13th century, including Galileo’s telescope which was used to discover the existence of Jupiter. Curators at the museum also undertake a number of research projects and activities, including the publication of several research journals and catalogs.

Visitors to the virtual exhibition are able to view a number of the museum’s rooms and pieces via in-depth videos ranging from rooms dedicated to astronomy and physics to an interactive space titled “Galileo and the Measurement of Time.”

Jacob is a recent graduate from the University of California San Diego where he majored in Political Science and minored in Spanish Language Studies. He previously served as the News Editor for The UCSD Guardian, and hopes to shed light on social justice issues in his work.

Inside the Lives of the American Amish

January 1, 2022

The Amish are known for their conservative beliefs and rejection of modern technology. Today, more than 300,000 Amish live in the United States.

Teen Returning Home From Work. Melnee Benfield. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

The Amish Church originated in Europe in the seventeenth century following a split from the Mennonite Swiss Brethren in 1692. This split was due to a disagreement about the treatment of members who had been found guilty in breaching the doctrine. To escape persecution, the Amish migrated to Pennsylvania in the 1730s. Today the population is an estimated 300,000 people in more than 30 states and is steadily growing due to the Amish belief that children are a blessing from God. The majority of the Amish community (62 percent) live in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. They are Christian believers who have isolated themselves from modern society and live in rural areas of the United States. They do this to keep their community from being influenced by outsiders, who they refer to as the “English.”

Family is the most important social unit in Amish culture. On average, families have seven children, although larger family units than this are common. Chores are divided traditionally by the gender binary, with girls staying and helping their mothers manage the home. If they decide to work outside the home, it is within the Amish community doing jobs like sewing, selling food in local stands or stores, waitressing, midwifing or nursing. Boys work alongside their father in farms, construction, crafting furniture, raising livestock and auctioneering. On days when they are not working, the Amish turn to sports like baseball, volleyball and basketball. Board games are also very popular among the Amish household, as well as fishing, hunting and being in community with friends and family.

Shoofly Pie. Sisterbeer. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

The Amish generally eat foods produced in their own gardens or on their farms. As a rule, they do not eat processed, store-bought foods. Homegrown fruits and vegetables, eaten fresh, canned or frozen, play an important part of the Amish diet. Vegetables often found in their meals include peas, corn, zucchini, beets, beans and rhubarb. Meals are designed to sustain hardworking lifestyles. The women in the community are known to bake cakes, pies, cookies and bread. An Amish dessert favored by many is Shoofly pie, typically composed of flour, brown sugar, water, spices and egg. The pie is topped with crumbs and served in a flaky pie crust. Shoofly pie is similar to coffee cake, but with a gooey molasses bottom.

Kids of All Ages Playing Baseball. Bob Jagendorf. CC BY-NC 2.0

Education in the Amish community begins at the age of six (first grade) and culminates at 13 (eighth grade). Children are taught in a one-room schoolhouse, usually within walking distance of their home. The classroom is composed of 30-35 children, many of which are siblings or cousins. The day begins with Bible reading, hymn singing and reciting the Lord’s Prayer. At the end of the morning routine, the basics are taught: writing, math, history, arithmetic and English. The students’ first language is Amish German dialect, then English is learned at school. The teacher or teacher’s aide will circulate the room teaching individual grades while the other grades read or prepare for their time of teaching. Higher education is discouraged, as it could lead to leaving the Amish community and influencing others to do the same. Amish children are exempt from state compulsory attendance beyond the eighth grade based on religious principles.

The Amish reject modern technology as it can open the door to temptations and change their traditional lifestyle. Instead, they choose to live simple lives and are self-sufficient. The Amish farm and produce everything they own and ride a horse and buggy or a bike to travel around the community. However, there is a time when Amish youth can decide whether or not they would like to continue living within the community. This is a season where rumspringa, a German term for running around, takes place. At the age of 16, parents allow the teens to fully experiment with the outside world and activities, which would otherwise be condemned and result in shunning. Due to the fact that individuals aren’t baptized, teens are not yet under the church authority. This is part of the reason why they are given a pass. This experience lasts two years and 90 percent of teens return home.

Amish Family on a Horse and Buggy. Brucedetorres. CC BY-PDM 1.0

After arriving more than three centuries ago, the Amish have sustained a private life from the outside world. Not allowing many into their community has resulted in the preservation of their beliefs and isolation. The Amish continue to live in the US with two new recent settlements, Argentina and Bolivia.

Jennifer is a Communications Studies graduate based in Los Angeles. She grew up traveling with her dad and that is where her love for travel stems from. You can find her serving the community at her church, Fearless LA or planning her next trip overseas. She hopes to be involved in international humanitarian work one day.